Squalane/squalene

Group I. Liquids which spread upward, exhibiting a primary film and a secondary film with nearly constant slope at the leading edge (n-hexadecane, pristane, squalane, squalene, polychlorobiphenyl, and the polymer liquids poly methyl siloxane, polyisobutylene, and polytrichloroethylene). 

Harris and Prausnitz, using a conventional analytical gas-liquid chromatograph, have determined the activity coefiicients of 22 polar solutes (including ketones, acetates, and nitriles) in solvents squalane, squalene, octadecane, and benzyldiphenyl. The results were used to obtain an approximate scale of relative Lewis acidities similar to that of Brown. The experimental accuracy is very difficult to assess because surface effects were not determined. A comparison with the literature values for three systems indicates reliability within a few per cent. 

Sodium pentachlorophenate Soyaminopropylamine Soytrimonium chloride Squalane Squalene Tallowaminopropylamine 2,2 -Thiobis (4,6-dichlorophenol) Trichloroisocyanuric acid 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Zinc gluconate bactericide mfg. 

Squalane Squalene Stearamide MEA-stearate Steareth Tetradecyleicosyl stearate Tricaprin Tricaprylin Tridecyl behenate Tridecyl neopentanoate Trimethylolpropane tri isostearate... 

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) kernel oil Collagen Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane Ethyl acetate Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane PEG-150 lanolin Propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate Sesamol Squalane Squalene... 

Squalene is also an intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol. StmcturaHy, chemically, and biogeneticaHy, many of the triterpenes have much in common with steroids (203). It has been verified experimentally that squalene is the precursor in the biosynthesis of all triterpenes through a series of cyclization and rearrangement reactions (203,204). Squalene is not used much in cosmetics and perfumery formulations because of its light, heat, and oxidative instabiUty however, its hydrogenated derivative, squalane, has a wide use as a fixative, a skin lubricant, and a carrier of Hpid-soluble dmgs. 

Squalane [111-01-3] (fully saturated squalene) is produced synthetically by the coupling of two molecules of geranyl acetone with diacetylene, followed by dehydration and complete hydrogenation (205). Squalane can also be made by dimerization of dehydroneroHdol, followed by dehydrogenation and hydrogenation (206). 

Squalene is a polyunsaturated hydrocarbon with a formula of C30H50 Squalene can be found in certain fish oils, especially shark liver oil, in high amounts and some vegetable oils in relatively smaller amounts. Human sebum also contains 13% squalene as one of its major constituents. Squalane is a saturated derivative of squalene and also found in these sources. Interest in squalene has been raised after its characterization in shark liver oil which is used as a traditional medicine for decades. Several studies exhibited results that prove certain bioactivities for squalene and squalane. Up to date, anticancer, antioxidant, drug carrier, detoxifier, skin hydrating, and emollient activities of these substances have been... 

On the other hand, squalane is a saturated derivative of squalene which also was identified in human sebum. Its inert properties and suggested low toxicity compared to its analog squalene gained attraction from researchers, especially in the area of cosmetics (Allison, 1999). Proved emollient and moisturizing properties of squalane paved its way into protective nutraceutical and cosmeceutical area along its unsaturated relative, squalene. 

Further, squalane also exists in sebum composition. Additionally, due to its unique properties and more stable nature as industrial product than squalene, squalane is highly preferable in cosmeceutical and nutraceutical... 

On the basis of the presented reports, squalene and squalane are two naturally derived compounds with bright future in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical area. Squalene, which can be obtained by natural sources, exists readily in human body and yet to be examined in detail for its biological role. 

Detoxifying and anti-infectant effects of squalene itself have not been reported yet. However, substances including squalene or squalene supplementation showed notable improvements. Further researches to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of shark liver oil and squalene application are expected to report more results that promote squalene and squalane as effective candidates for practical and clinical use. 

Allison, A. C. (1999). Squalene and squalane emulsions as adjuvants. Methods 19, 87-93. 

Squalene, squalane Phosvitin Phytic acid Phospholipids Spermidine Hyaluronic acid Sphingomyelin Biopolymer Fibronectin Spermine-bile acids Deacylated saponin a-Hemolysin... 

A well-known phase which is used as a reference because it is the only one that is well defined is squalane. Its polarity is zero by the McReynolds scale (2.13). This saturated hydrocarbon (C3oHe2) is derived from squalene, a natural terpene extracted from shark liver or skin. On this stationary phase, which can be used between 20 and 120 C (deposition or impregnation), compounds are eluted... 

All organisms produce some squalene most sedimentary squalane probably from Archaea. 

Hydrocarbons are very minor components of oils and fats but are of dietary and legislative interest. They include alkanes, alkenes such as squalene and carotenes, and polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons. Squalene (C30H50) is a highly unsaturated open-chain triterpene. It is used in the cosmetic industry after hydrogenation to squalane (C30H62). The most abundant source of squalene is the liver oil of the deep-sea dogfish (Squalus acanthus—hence the name squalene) and some other marine species. Vegetable sources of potential interest include olive oil and amar-anthus (Section 6). 

TABLE 29. "C NMR chemical shift values ( ), obseived and calculated" spin-lattice relaxation times (Ti) and observed nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE) for squalane (81) and squalene (82) in CDCb solution at 11.7 T... 

In contrast to the results obtained with hexadecane, the addition of squalane to the O/W nanoemulsion system based on isohexadecane showed a systematic decrease in Ostwald ripening rate as the squalene content was increased. The results are included in Figure 14.14, which shows plots of versus time for nanoemulsions containing varying amounts of squalane. The addition of squalane up to 20% based on the oil phase showed a systematic reduction in ripening rate (from 8.0 to 4.1 x 10 m s i). It should be noted that when squalane alone was used as the oil phase, the system was very unstable and showed creaming within 1 h. The results also showed that the surfactant used was unsuitable for the emulsification of squalane. 

Squalene Squalane Ricinus communis x Macadamia ternifolia 0 Buxis chinensis ... 

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