Spread reference

Figures 5 and 6 present trends in dark/spark spreads and C02 costs per MWh over the years 2004—2005 in Germany and The Netherlands, based on forward (i.e. year-ahead) prices for power, fuels and C02 emission allowances. For the present analysis, a dark spread is simply defined as the difference between the power price and the cost of coal to generate 1 MWh of electricity, while a spark spread refers to the difference between the power price and the cost of gas to produce 1 MWh of electricity. If the costs of C02 are included, these indicators are called clean dark/spark spreads or carbon compensated dark/spark spreads/6...

Compound Exposure regime Geometric mean Range (min-max ratio) 95% confidence limits (spread) Reference... 

Fig. 9.1 Quantum dot size (see also Section 9.3). The figure depicts the sizes of commonly used labeling agents relative to other biological objects. The sizes depicted for the Qdot nanocrystals show the spread from the smallest (blue) to the largest (red). Note that this size spread refers to quantum dots which have been solubilized...

The terms spread or credit spread refer to the yield differential, usually expressed in basis points, between a corporate bond and an equivalent maturity government security or point on the government curve. It can also be expressed as a spread over the swap curve. In the former case, we refer to the fixed-rate spread. In the latter, we use the term spread over EURIBOR, or over the swap curve. 

Before starting, it is important to set some definitions. We assume that in a gravitational field when a liquid contacts a solid, some interfacial area is formed i.e., the liquid wets the solid. In the next section, we present a definition of wettability — the contact angle. In contrast, the term spreading refers to the motion of a liquid film over a solid either by spontaneous spreading or by forced spreading. 

There are various hypotheses explaining this aggregate expansion mechanism. The most wide spread refer to the swelling of clay minerals and of osmotic pressure formation [141,142]. All these hypotheses agree that this phenomenon relates to the reaction of soluble alkalis from cement with the aggregate leading to the decomposition of dolomite ... 

Spread (adhesive spread)—The quantity of adhesive per unit joint area applied to an adherend, usually expressed in points of adhesive per thousand square feet of joint area.(l) Single spread refers to the application of adhesive to only one adherend of a joint. (2) Double spread refers to application of adhesive to both adherends of a joint. 

Spreading refers to the kinetic process in which the liquid distributes itself to cover the surfaces of the particulate solid. It is important in the rearrangement stage soon after the formation of the liquid. For spreading to occur, the total interfacial energy must be reduced. For an infinitesimal change in the contact area between the solid and the liquid (Fig. 10.4), spreading will occur if... 

Materials Time-to-ignition LOI index at Peak HRR Total heat released Flame spread Reference... 

CN] —> I + CN. Wavepacket moves and spreads in time, with its centre evolving about 5 A in 200 fs. Wavepacket dynamics refers to motion on the intennediate potential energy surface B. Reprinted from Williams S O and lime D G 1988 J. Phys. Chem.. 92 6648. (c) Calculated FTS signal (total fluorescence from state C) as a fiinction of the time delay between the first excitation pulse (A B) and the second excitation pulse (B -> C). Reprinted from Williams S O and Imre D G, as above. 

Throughout this thesis reference has been made to hydrophobic effects. Enforced hydrophobic interactions are an important contributor to the acceleration of uncatalysed and also of the Lewis-acid catalysed Diels-Alder reactions which are described in this thesis. Moreover, they are likely to be involved in the beneficial effect of water on the enantioselectivity of the Lewis-acid catalysed Diels-Alder reaction, as described in Chapter 3. Because arguments related to hydrophobic effects are spread over nearly all chapters, and ideas have developed simultaneously, we summarise our insights at the end of this thesis. 

The degree of data spread around the mean value may be quantified using the concept of standard deviation. O. If the distribution of data points for a certain parameter has a Gaussian or normal distribution, the probabiUty of normally distributed data that is within Fa of the mean value becomes 0.6826 or 68.26%. There is a 68.26% probabiUty of getting a certain parameter within X F a, where X is the mean value. In other words, the standard deviation, O, represents a distance from the mean value, in both positive and negative directions, so that the number of data points between X — a and X -H <7 is 68.26% of the total data points. Detailed descriptions on the statistical analysis using the Gaussian distribution can be found in standard statistics reference books (11). 

In most ultrasonic tests, the significant echo signal often is the one having the maximum ampHtude. This ampHtude is affected by the selection of the beam angle, and the position and direction from which it interrogates the flaw. The depth of flaws is often deterrnined to considerable precision by the transit time of the pulses within the test material. The relative reflecting power of discontinuities is deterrnined by comparison of the test signal with echoes from artificial discontinuities such as flat-bottomed holes, side-drilled holes, and notches in reference test blocks. This technique provides some standardized tests for sound beam attenuation and ultrasonic equipment beam spread. 

Density and Ink Film Thickness. Because ink film thickness directly impacts color, it is important to control film thickness on press. The amount of ink transferred to paper, along with a related factor, dot gain, which refers to how the halftone dots spread under the pressure of the printing process, is the tool by which a press operator monitors color on press. 

The Cardiac Cycle. The heart (Eig. lb) performs its function as a pump as a result of a rhythmical spread of a wave of excitation (depolarization) that excites the atrial and ventricular muscle masses to contract sequentially. Maximum pump efficiency occurs when the atrial or ventricular muscle masses contract synchronously (see Eig. 1). The wave of excitation begins with the generation of electrical impulses within the SA node and spreads through the atria. The SA node is referred to as the pacemaker of the heart and exhibits automaticity, ie, it depolarizes and repolarizes spontaneously. The wave then excites sequentially the AV node the bundle of His, ie, the penetrating portion of the AV node the bundle branches, ie, the branching portions of the AV node the terminal Purkinje fibers and finally the ventricular myocardium. After the wave of excitation depolarizes these various stmetures of the heart, repolarization occurs so that each of the stmetures is ready for the next wave of excitation. Until repolarization occurs the stmetures are said to be refractory to excitation. During repolarization of the atria and ventricles, the muscles relax, allowing the chambers of the heart to fill with blood that is to be expelled with the next wave of excitation and resultant contraction. This process repeats itself 60—100 times or beats per minute... 

Historically, isotherms have been classified as favorable (concave downward) or unfavorable (concave upward). These terms refer to the spreading tendencies of transitions in fixed beds. A favorable isotherm gives a compact transition, whereas an unfavorable isotherm leads to a broad one. 

The presented results allow an understanding of the effect of inadequacy organic matrix of plant reference standai ds and dried milk on XRF result exactness. In the absence of similar RSMs calibrations, obtained with the help of plant RSMs, may be used for analysis of only non-fat milk powders. Correction on fat content will allow a spreading these calibrations on analysis of milk powders with any fat contents. 

The spread of CSTR use for kinetic studies only started in the 1960s. References can be found even earlier than that of Bodenstein (1908) although most of these references discuss only the use for homogeneous kinetic studies. In view of this background, the story of the development at Union Carbide Corporation may be interesting. 

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