Spread for life

There are several yield spread measures or margins that are routinely used to evaluate floaters. The four margins commonly used are spread for life, adjusted simple margin, adjusted total margin, and discount margin. To illustrate these measures, we will assume a floater that has a coupon formula equal to 3-month LIBOR plus 45 basis points and delivers cash flows quarterly. 

Spread for life is calculated using the following formula ... 

Note that spread for life considers only the accretion/amortization of the discount/premium over the floater s remaining term to maturity but does not consider the level of the coupon rate or the time value of money. 

The strong survival potential of the rock biofilm indicates that the permanent presence of water is not the most essential attribute for the evolution and spread of life (Reysenbach Cady, 2001 Costerton Stoodley, 2003). The existence of a microbial biofilm on the rock surface is more determined by the interactions of the organisms with the mineral substrate. Lack of water even over several years is tolerated by rock biofilms. However sporadic the supply might be in subaerial conditions, some water from rain, snow, ice, dew, or fog is always present in terrestrial environments. However, for chemoorganotroph life forms the mineral substrate harbours additional difficulties as it is, or almost immediately becomes, deficient in organic matter, as nutrients and energy resources reach this habitat mainly from the atmosphere as particulates and volatile matter. This difficulty is partially overcome by the presence of EPS, which significantly increase the residence time of air-borne particles on any rock surface. 

Today, metals are scavenged from water by extremely sophisticated biochemical processes (Morel and Price, 2003). Thus, seawater can have very low ambient levels of metal ions. Early Archean seawater would likely have been much richer in trace metals. But given that early organisms presumably had very unsophisticated processes for capturing metals, even in seawater rich in metal it would have been difficult to access the metal. Perhaps the earliest distribution of organisms was very restricted, with few cells living away from locations such as volcanoes that had readily accessible metals. Only the evolution of effective metal-gaining siderophores would have allowed the spread of life. There is thus reason to believe that, even if the last common ancestor was not hyperthermophile but lived... 

In the Cambrian period life began to develop very quickly. For this reason the oxygen concentration increased rather rapidly. Thus, in the late Silurian (420 millions years ago) the oxygen level was as high as 0.1 PAL (Fig. 3) which is termed the second critical level. With the increase of the oxygen concentration the quantity of ozone in the atmosphere increased, together with an increase in the altitude of maximum ozone production. This latter, in the late Silurian period reached 20 km level, which made the spread of life onto dry land possible. At the same time the thermal structure of the atmosphere was drastically changed, which resulted in the appearance of the stratosphere. It was shown previously that our atmosphere has an... 

My tumor was small. I opted for a lumpectomy. The bad news Although the cancer had not metastasized and was still in its early stages, it had spread to two lymph nodes under my arm. That, said my surgeon Nova Foster—a woman to whom I am indebted for life for her skill and compassion—would earn me six rounds of chemotherapy and seven weeks of radiation treatments. It also earned me my experience with chemo brain. ... 

Smallpox can be transmitted by inhalation of the virus suspended in aerosols. After about a 12-day incubation period, infection from smallpox causes fever and headache. As the virus spreads to the skin it forms pus-filled vesicles across the body. Survivors usually are noticeably scarred for life. The mortality rate for immunized individuals is approximately 3 percent, while for non-immunized humans it increases to 30 percent. 

Malaria. Malaria infection occurs in over 30% of the world s population and almost exclusively in developing countries. Approximately 150 X 10 cases occur each year, with one million deaths occurring in African children (87). The majority of the disease in humans is caused by four different species of the malarial parasite. Vaccine development is problematic for several reasons. First, the parasites have a complex life cycle. They are spread by insect vectors and go through different stages and forms (intercellular and extracellular sexual and asexual) as they grow in the blood and tissues (primarily fiver) of their human hosts. In addition, malaria is difficult to grow in large quantities outside the natural host (88). Despite these difficulties, vaccine development has been pursued for many years. An overview of the state of the art is available (89). 

Typical precautions with trichloroethylene are summarized in Table 5.52. An important factor is that the vapours are much heavier than air they will therefore spread and may accumulate at low levels, particularly in undisturbed areas. Because of its volatility, releases to the environment usually reach the atmosphere. Here it reacts with hydroxyl or other radicals (estimated half-life for reaction with hydroxyl radicals is less than a week) and is not therefore expected to diffuse to the stratosphere to any significant extent. There is some evidence for both aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of trichloroethylene. 

Application of protective paints consists of surface preparation of steel, priming coat and finishing coats. Wherever possible, steel should be blast-cleaned before painting. Primers thoroughly wet the metal to promote adhesion of finishing paints and carry inhibitive pigments. For example, red lead oxide will minimize the spread of rust on metal surfaces. The total thickness of fmishing coats must be at least 0.125 mm for adequate protection and life. Four coats of paint usually are necessary to achieve this. 

As diseussed earlier, nuelear aeeidents have not been the only aeeidents to oeeur in reeent times. Other disasters at ehemieal plants have been responsible for a mueh greater loss of life. The worst disaster in the reeent history of the ehemieal industry oeeurred in Bhopal, in eentral India, on Deeember 3, 1984. A leak of methyl isoeyaiiate (MIC) from a ehemieal plant, where it was used as an intermediate in the manufaeture of a pesiieide, spread into tlie adjaeent eity and eaused the poisoning deatli of more tlian 2500 people approximately 20,000 others were injured. 

The fact that there are no characteristic length scales immediately implies a similar lack of any characteristic time scales for the fluctuations. Consider the effect of a single perturbation of a random site of a system in the critical state. The perturbation will spread to the neighbors of the site, to the next nearest neighbors, and so on, until, after a time r and a total of / sand slides, the effects will die out. The distribution of the life-times of the avalanches, D t), obeys the power law... 

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