Spice fragrances

Applications. The most ubiquitous use of infrared spectrometry is chemical identification. It has long been an important tool for studying newly synthesi2ed compounds in the research lab, but industrial identification uses cover an even wider range. In many industries ir spectrometry is used to assay feedstocks (qv). In the flavors (see Flavors and spices), fragrances (see Perfumes), and cosmetics (qv) industries, it can be used not only for gross identification of feedstocks, but for determining specific sources. The spectra of essential oils (see Oils, essential), essences, and other natural products vary with the season and source. Adulteration and dilution can also be identified. 

Use Vegetable oils, animal fats, flavors, spices, fragrances, confections, nuts, yeast, sausage, gum feeds, beverages, cereal, desserts, dehydrated potatoes, and cosmetics. 

But as the postwar wave of innovations in both chemicals and pharmaceuticals leveled off in the 1960s, American Cyanamid responded more like a pharmaceutical competitor than a chemical one. It began as early as 1956 to acquire brand-name over-the-counter consumer chemical products, including in 1963 Breck shampoo and Pine-Sol cleaner, and in 1971 Pierre Cardin and Old Spice fragrances. 

Myrrh oil is used as a fragrance component or fixative in soaps, detergents, creams, lotions, and perfumes, with maximum use level of 0.8% reported in perfumes. The sweet, warm balsamic notes of absolute, oil, or res-inoidused in oriental spice fragrances, woody and forest notes often blended with geranium, musk, patchouli, and other heavy floral bases. ... 

Hydroxybenzaldehyde has an agreeable aromatic odor, but is not itself a fragrance. It is, however, a useful intermediate in the synthesis of fragrances. The methyl ether of -hydroxybenzaldehyde, ie, -anisaldehyde, is a commercially important fragrance. Anisaldehyde can be made in a simple one-step synthesis from hydroxybenzaldehyde and methyl chloride. Another important fragrance, 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)butanone, commonly referred to as raspberry ketone, can be prepared from the reaction of -hydroxybenzaldehyde and acetone, followed by reduction (see Flavors and spices). 

Experimental procedures have been described in which the desired reactions have been carried out either by whole microbial cells or by enzymes (1—3). These involve carbohydrates (qv) (4,5) steroids (qv), sterols, and bile acids (6—11) nonsteroid cycHc compounds (12) ahcycHc and alkane hydroxylations (13—16) alkaloids (7,17,18) various pharmaceuticals (qv) (19—21), including antibiotics (19—24) and miscellaneous natural products (25—27). Reviews of the microbial oxidation of aUphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (qv) (28), monoterpenes (29,30), pesticides (qv) (31,32), lignin (qv) (33,34), flavors and fragrances (35), and other organic molecules (8,12,36,37) have been pubflshed (see Enzyp applications, industrial Enzyt s in organic synthesis Elavors AND spices). 

Spice Family. This is an easily recognizable fragrance that has a strong, spicy character, eg. Old Spice (Shulton 1937). 

Capillary gc/ms, hplc, nmr, ir, and uv are all analytical methods used by the terpene chemist with a good Hbrary of reference spectra, capillary gc/ms is probably the most important method used in dealing with the more volatile terpenes used in the davor and fragrance industry (see Flavors and spices). The physical properties of density, refractive index, boiling point, melting point of derivatives, and specific rotation are used less frequendy but are important in defining product specifications. 

Pyrolytic Decomposition. The pyrolytic decomposition at 350—460°C of castor oil or the methyl ester of ricinoleic acid spHts the ricinoleate molecule at the hydroxyl group forming heptaldehyde and undecylenic acids. Heptaldehyde, used in the manufacture of synthetic flavors and fragrances (see Elavors and spices Perfumes) may also be converted to heptanoic acid by various oxidation techniques and to heptyl alcohol by catalytic hydrogenation. When heptaldehyde reacts with benzaldehyde, amyl cinnamic aldehyde is produced (see Cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde, and cinnamyl... 

Uses. Cinnamyl alcohol and its esters, especially cinnamyl acetate, are widely employed in perfumery because of their excellent sensory and fixative properties. They are frequently used in blossom compositions such as lilac, jasmine, lily of the valley, hyacinth, and gardenia to impart balsamic and oriental notes to the fragrance. In addition, they ate utilized as modifiers in berry, nut, and spice flavor systems. The value of cinnamyl alcohol has also been mentioned in a variety of appHcations which include the production of photosensitive polymers (49), the creation of inks for multicolor printing (50), the formulation of animal repellent compositions (51), and the development of effective insect attractants (52). 

On Wednesday night, designer fragrances perfumed the air like incense. Packed to its imported worm-eaten raw-wood rafters, Spice Market reminded me of the banquet scene in The Temple of Doom, when Willie Scott, Indy s blond nightclub singer sidekick, declines a platter of insects by saying, No thanks, I had bugs for lunch. ... 

Besides their essential roles in nature, isoprenoids are of commercial importance in industry. Some isoprenoids have been used as flavors, fragrances, spices, and food additives, while many are used as pharmaceuticals to treat an array of human diseases, such as cancer (Taxol), malaria (artemisinin), and HIV (coumarins). In contrast to the huge market demand, isoprenoids are present only in low abundance in their host organisms. Thus, isolation of the required isoprenoids consumes a large quantity of natural resources. Furthermore, owing to their structural complexity, total chemical synthesis is often not commercially feasible. For these reasons, metabolic engineering may provide an alternative to produce these valuable isoprenoids [88,89]. 

Since early antiquity, spices and resins from animal and plant sources have been used extensively for perfumery and flavor purposes, and to a lesser extent for their observed or presumed preservative properties. Fragrance and flavor materials vary from highly complex mixtures to single chemicals. Their history began when people discovered that components characteristic of the aroma of natural products could be enriched by simple methods. Recipes for extraction with olive oil and for distillation have survived from pre-Christian times to this day. 

The mellis accord, which makes up an important part of the fragrance here incorporates amyl salicylate in addition to benzyl salicylate, with the patchouli and woody aspect being accentuated, using cedryl acetate rather than the more traditional products derived from vetiver. Vertofix had yet to be discovered. The dominant spices, in combination with eugenol, are clove and cinnamon. 

Ahmed, A., Choudhary, M.I., Farooq, A., Demirci, B., Demirci, F. and Baser, K.H.C. (2000) Essential oil constituents of the spice Cinnamomum tamala (Ham.) Nees and Eberm. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 1 5, 388-390. 

Plants and plant extracts have been used as medicine, culinary spice, dye and general cosmetic since ancient times. Plant extracts are seen as a way of meeting the demanding requirements of the modem industry. In the past two decades, much attention has been directed to the use of near critical and supercritical carbon dioxide solvent, particularly in the food pharmaceutical and perfume industries. CO2 is an ideal solvent because it is non-toxic, non-explosive, readily available and easily removed from the extracted products. At present the major industrial-scale applications of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) are hop extraction, decaffeination of coffee and tea, and isolation of flavours, fragrances and other components from spices, herbs and medicinal plants [1-4]. 

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