Speech interference

Noise rating. One of a series of curves relating noise level and frequency to speech interference Noise criteria. Similar to NR, but differing, particularly at the low-frequency end... 

Figure 4. The maximum group size for a conversation in which all members are able to clearly discriminate speech sounds spoken at normal voice levels by all speakers, plotted against speech interference levels. The lower line (for d = 100cm) is drawn by extrapolation from the other two lines, d is the inter-individual distance measured nose-to-nose between adjacent individuals on the circumference of the circle. Source redrawn from Cohen 1971 (Fig. 7.1)...

One index for assessing the ability to communicate verbally is the Preferred-Octave Speech Interference Level (PSIL). PSIL is the numerical average sound level (decibels) measured for each of three octave bands (500, 1000, and 2000 Hz). A study of the relationship between PSIL and speech intelligibility in different ambient noise conditions... 

An important effect of noise emissions in a man-machine-environment-system is the disturbance in verbal communication. When full understanding of sentences is required, the interference sound level for normal messages should be no higher than 10 dB (A) below the speech sound level. For unusual or difficult messages this difference should be increased to 20 dB (A). The maximum distance between speaker and listener which still ensures satisfactory communication can be derived from the speech interference level (SIL). The SIL is the arithmetic mean of the octave sound level in the four octaves with the mean frequencies of 0.5/1/2/4 kHz. Table 6.21 shows the maximum distance between speaker and listener for various SILs. 

Table 6.21 Maximum distances for satisfactory verbal communication with various speech interference levels (SILs) (from [6-56])...

Noise is simply defined as unwanted sound. Exposm-e to noise can result in occupational deafness (noise-induced hearing loss), fatigue, speech interference and stress. In some cases, noise can be a contributory factor in industrial accidents. Noise nuisance from, for instance, industrial processes, can result in fatigue, stress and a range of psychosomatic s)unptoms. 

Poulton, E. (1976). Continuous Noise Interferes with Work by Masking Auditory Feedback and Inner Speech. Applied Ergonomics 7,79-84. 

High levels of noise known to cause discomfort to humans are unacceptable. Moderate noise also becomes undesirable in some experimental situations, if it is distracting or interferes with speech communication. 

A. It s probably not like what you expect. Even if you have considerable experience with various drugs. Salvia is not much like what you have encountered. Salvia is unique, and it is best understood on its own terms, and not by analogy with other substances. Salvia is not a recreational drug, rather, it is best used by those wishing to explore deep meditative states, spiritual realms, mysticism, the nature of consciousness and reality, or the possibilities of shamanistic healing. Experiences vary with the individual, set, and setting as well as with dose and route of administration. It produces a short-lived inebriation that is very different from that of alcohol. However, like alcohol it interferes with the ability to drive, produces incoordination (ataxia), and may produce slurred speech. 

Toxic substances can interfere with normal neurotransmission in a variety of ways, either directly or indirectly, and cause various central effects. For example, cholinesterase inhibitors such as the organo phosphate insecticides cause accumulation of excess acetylcholine. The accumulation of this neurotransmitter in the CNS in humans after exposure to toxic insecticides leads to anxiety, restlessness, insomnia, convulsions, slurred speech, and central depression of the respiratory and circulatory centers. 

Quatieri and Danisewicz, 1990] Quatieri, T. and Danisewicz, R. (1990). An approach to co-channel talker interference suppression using a sinusoidal model for speech. IEEE Trans, on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, ASSP-38(l) 56-69. 

MS is a central nervous system disorder in which myelin is gradually destroyed in patches throughout the brain or spinal cord, or both. This loss of myelin interferes with nerve transmissions and leads to muscular weakness, loss of coordination, numbness, tremors, and speech and vision disturbances. MS is thought to be an autoimmune disease. 

The facepiece, in addition to protecting the face, is the carrier for the functional, sub-assembly components. The size and location of these requires very careful consideration to ensure not only that they all work properly together, but also that they do not interfere with the use of other equipment, e.g. optical, communications and weapons systems. For example, reducing the snout profile will minimize its intrusion into the visual field and allow better access to confined spaces, but will reduce the space available for other components. Keeping the cheek profiles smooth will allow better use of shoulder-held and fired weapons, but means that components, such as speech modules and filters, cannot be mounted... 

The courts give congressional subpoenas deference because they fall within the protections of the Speech and Debate clause of the Constitution.37 The Speech and Debate clause literally protects all Senators and Representatives from questioning in any other Place for any Speech or Debate in either House. As interpreted, this protects members of Congress from judicial interference in legislative matters. 

When ethanol is ingested, it acts on the central nervous system. Ingesting moderate amounts of ethanol affects one s judgment and lowers one s inhibitions. Higher concentrations interfere with motor coordination and cause slurred speech and amnesia. Still higher concentrations cause nausea and loss of consciousness. Ingesting very large amounts of ethanol interferes with spontaneous respiration and can be fatal. 

However, to] bring in psychiatric testimony which may be construed as interference with his right of free speech and his removal from society because of a difference in political ideology will bring discredit to the psychiatric profession and will further Mr. Rockwell s cause. In August, Rockwell is declared mentally fit to stand trial, found guilty of disorderly conduct, and fined one hundred dollars. ... 

Information Technology (IT) has been called a disruptive technology, not because it interferes with the traditional personal doctor/patient relationship, but because it will leave behind those who do not embrace it. The invention of the electrical speech machine by Alexander Graham Bell was a disruptive technology that revolutionized communication. Information ethnology helps standardize and speed up medical care so that more patients can be treated at reduced cost. IT extends the physician s brain by providing information at his or her fingertips. 

P Interference with On-the-Job Communicatbn - Woikers with normal hearing can have improved speech intelligibility when using hearing protection in very noisy environments, while hearing-impaired woikers often have more difficulty understanding speech. 

Noise can also interfere with speech communication. One worker may not understand or may misunderstand what another says. A loss in the high frequency range will reduce hearing of some soft speech sounds, like s, sh, and th. The hearing loss may cause failure to hear certain words or create speech misinterpretations. 

Interference with speech communication, acoustic signals, etc. 

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