Spectroscopy books

Character tables, which can be found in several vibrational spectroscopy books, allow the determination, for any molecular point group, of the species (or irreducible representations) in relation to the symmetry elements typical of that group. As further cited below, the classification in terms of a particular symmetry species determines the activity (IR activity, Raman activity, both IR and Raman activity or inactivity) of any mode. 

A Cautionary Note P-NMR spectroscopy books written by analytical chemists... 

As a final note, you should not eschew using the library. Technique 29 outlines how to find several important types of information. Once you think you know the identity of your compound, you might well try to find whether it has been reported previously in the literature and, if so, whether or not the reported data match your own findings. You may also wish to consult some spectroscopy books, such as Pavia, Lampman, Kriz, and Vyvyan, Introduction to Spectroscopy, or one of the other textbooks listed at the end of either Technique 25 or Technique 26, for additional help in interpreting your spectra. 

Bancroft, G.M., JfiJssbauer Spectroscopy (book) p. 206, McGraw-Hill. London (1973). 

An excellent treatment of molecular quantum mechanics, on a level comparable to that of Szabo and Ostiund. The scope of this book is quite different, however, as it focuses mainly on the basic principles of quantum mechanics and the theoretical treatment of spectroscopy. 

A clear, comprehensive discussion of the many facets of nonlinear optics. The emphasis is on optical effects, such as hannonic generation. The treatment of nonlinear spectroscopy, although occupying only a fraction of the book, is clear and physically well-motivated. 

A valuable handbook describing the many uses of nonlinear optics for spectroscopy. The focus of the book is a unified treatment of and methods for modelling the signal. 

We now turn to electronic selection rules for syimnetrical nonlinear molecules. The procedure here is to examme the structure of a molecule to detennine what synnnetry operations exist which will leave the molecular framework in an equivalent configuration. Then one looks at the various possible point groups to see what group would consist of those particular operations. The character table for that group will then pennit one to classify electronic states by symmetry and to work out the selection rules. Character tables for all relevant groups can be found in many books on spectroscopy or group theory. Ftere we will only pick one very sunple point group called 2 and look at some simple examples to illustrate the method. 

The pre-eminent reference works in spectroscopy are the set of books by G Herzberg. 

The sections on vibrations and spectroscopy are somewhat more accessible mathematically than the previous three books. 

In addition to covering Raman microscopy, this book has a wealth of information on Raman instrumentation in general. Elving P J and Winefordner J D (eds) 1986 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (New York Wiley)... 

A diagrannnatic approach that can unify the theory underlymg these many spectroscopies is presented. The most complete theoretical treatment is achieved by applying statistical quantum mechanics in the fonn of the time evolution of the light/matter density operator. (It is recoimnended that anyone interested in advanced study of this topic should familiarize themselves with density operator fonnalism [8, 9, 10, H and f2]. Most books on nonlinear optics [13,14, f5,16 and 17] and nonlinear optical spectroscopy [18,19] treat this in much detail.) Once the density operator is known at any time and position within a material, its matrix in the eigenstate basis set of the constituents (usually molecules) can be detennined. The ensemble averaged electrical polarization, P, is then obtained—tlie centrepiece of all spectroscopies based on the electric component of the EM field. 

The third important source for infonnation on modem Raman spectroscopy are the books cataloguing the proceedings of the International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy (ICORS) [37]. ICORS is held every two years at various international locations and feahires hundreds of contributions from leading research groups covering all areas of Raman spectroscopy. Although the published presentations are quite limited in lengdi, they each contain references to the more substantial works and collectively provide an excellent overview of current trends m Raman spectroscopy. A snapshot or brief sununary of the 1998 conference appears at the end of this chapter. 

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is among the most frequently used surface chemical characterization teclmiques. Several excellent books on XPS are available [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7], XPS is based on the photoelectric effect an atom absorbs a photon of energy hv from an x-ray source next, a core or valence electron with bindmg energy is ejected with kinetic energy (figure Bl.25.1) ... 

This book, originally published in 1950, is the first of a classic tliree-volume set on molecular spectroscopy. A rather complete discussion of diatomic electronic spectroscopy is presented. Volumes 11 (1945) and 111 (1967) discuss infrared and Raman spectroscopy and polyatomic electronic spectroscopy, respectively. 

Several of my chemical colleagues have suggested that a new edition of M. and S. should now deal also with the chief branches of modern spectroscopy. This would be an aim both excellent and impracticable. Students have their own monographs on spectroscopy and their own teachers, whose exposition should clarify the branches of this subject more rapidly and easily than the printed text. An attempt to deal adequately with spectroscopy in this olume would greatly increase its size and probably fail in purpose—the fate of several books whose authors have attempted this ambitious programme. 

It is not the purpose of this book to discuss in detail the contributions of NMR spectroscopy to the determination of molecular structure. This is a specialized field in itself and a great deal has been written on the subject. In this section we shall consider only the application of NMR to the elucidation of stereoregularity in polymers. Numerous other applications of this powerful technique have also been made in polymer chemistry, including the study of positional and geometrical isomerism (Sec. 1.6), copolymers (Sec. 7.7), and helix-coil transitions (Sec. 1.11). We shall also make no attempt to compare the NMR spectra of various different polymers instead, we shall examine only the NMR spectra of different poly (methyl methacrylate) preparations to illustrate the capabilities of the method, using the first system that was investigated by this technique as the example. 

Although spectroscopy and quantum mechanics are closely interrelated it is nevertheless the case that there is still a tendency to teach the subjects separately while drawing attention to the obvious overlap areas. This is the attitude 1 shall adopt in this book, which is concerned primarily with the techniques of spectroscopy and the interpretation of the data that accme. References to texts on quantum mechanics are given in the bibliography at the end of this chapter. 

The use of single ( ) and double (") primes to indicate the upper and lower states, respectively, of a transition is general in spectroscopy and will apply throughout the book. 

When my previous book High Resolution Spectroscopy was published by Butterworths in 1982 1 had it in mind to make some of the subject matter contained in it more accessible to students at a later date. This is what 1 have tried to do in Modern Spectroscopy and 1 would like to express my appreciation to Butterworths for allowing me to use some textual material and, particularly, many of the figures from High Resolution Spectroscopy. New figures were very compefenfly drawn by Mr M. R. Barton. 

New books on spectroscopy continue to be published while some of the older ones remain classics. The bibliography has been brought up to date to include some of the new publications, or new editions of older ones. 

Spectroscopy (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002) approaches the subject at a simpler level than Modern Spectroscopy, being fairly non-mathematical and including many worked problems. Neither book is included in the bibliography but each is recommended as additional reading, depending on the level required. 

The starting points for many conventions in spectroscopy are the paper by R. S. Mulliken in the Journal of Chemical Physics (23, 1997, 1955) and the books of G. Herzberg. Apart from straightforward recommendations of symbols for physical quantities, which are generally adhered to, there are rather more contentious recommendations. These include the labelling of cartesian axes in discussions of molecular symmetry and the numbering of vibrations in a polyatomic molecule, which are often, but not always, used. In such cases it is important that any author make it clear what convention is being used. 

C. H. Townes and A. L. Schawlow, Microwave Spectroscopy, McGraw-HiU Book Co., Inc., New York, 1955 corrected reprint, Dover, New York, 1975. 

The most powerful method for stmcture elucidation of steroid compounds during the classical period of steroid chemistry (- 1940 1950s) was ir-spectroscopy. As with the ultraviolet spectra, data collected on the infrared spectra of steroids are available in several books, spectmm atiases, and review articles (265,266). Unlike ultraviolet spectroscopy, even the least substituted steroid derivatives are relatively rich in characteristic absorption bands in infrared spectroscopy (264). 

Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Surface Analysis," Mnnual Book ofMSTM Standards, part 3.06, American Society for Testing and Matedals, Philadelphia, Pa., 1992. 

J. Stohr. NEXAFS Spectroscopy Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. A book reviewing everything about NEXAFS. 

The book scries Electron Spectroscopy Theory, Techniques, and Applications, edited by C. R. Brundle and A D. Baker, published by Academic Press has a number of chapters in its 5 volumes which are useful for those wanting to learn about the analytical use of XPS In Volume 1, An Introduction to Electron Spectroscopy (Baker and Brundle) in Volume 2, Basic Concepts of XPS (Fadley) in Volume 3, Analytical. plications of XPS (Briggs) and in Volume 4, XPSfor the Investigation of Polymeric Materials (Dilks). 

D. A. Long. Raman Spectroscopy. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977. A standard reference work on Raman spectroscopy with much theoretical detail on the underlying physics. Most of the needed equations for any application of Raman spectroscopy can be found in this book. 

H. Ibach and D. L. Mills. Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy and Surface Vibrations. Academic, New York, 1982. An excellent book covering all aspects of the theory and experiment in HREELS. 

L. V. Azahoee in X-Ray Spectroscopy, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1974. 

K. Nakanishi and N. Harada, Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy Exciton Coupling in Organic Stereochemistry, University Science Books, Mill Vallqr, California, 1983 D. N. Kirk, Tetrahedron 42 777 (1986). 

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