Spectrophotometry portable

More generally, the UV spectrophotometry (portable as well online technologies) could be very efficient tools for water managers in case of decision making (crisis management in case of accidental pollution, corrective actions to comply good water quality requirements) and for water quality survey (prevention of water resources). 

The given examples presented in this section illustrated the potential of UV spectrophotometry for improving information on the quality of water bodies and highlighted the perspectives of their integration on new approaches on water management. The portable instrument is in particular useful for the spatial and temporal water quality survey (river basin, lake...) based on measurements of some well-known physico-chemical parameters (TSS, TOC, COD, BOD, NO3-, surfactants). Nevertheless, the UV spectrophotometry and the suitable software developed to enhance the deconvolution of UV spectra allows to propose others applications, in particular qualitative interpretation in order to assess, for example, the trophic states of lakes. 

Atomic spectrometric techniques such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), electrothermal AAS (ETAAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and ICP-MS are used for the determination of elements, particularly metals. ICP-MS is the most sensitive, typically with microgram per liter detection limits and multielement capability but it has high start-up and operating costs. UV-visible spectrophotometry is also used for the determination of metal ions and anions such as nitrate and phosphate (usually by selective deriva-tization). It is a low cost and straightforward technique, and portable (handheld) instruments are available for field deployment. Flow injection (FI) provides a highly reproducible means of manipulating solution chemistry in a contamination free environment, and is often used for sample manipulation, e.g., derivatization, dilution, preconcentration and matrix removal, in conjunction with spectrometric detection. Electroanalytical techniques, particularly voltammetry and ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), are... 

While most water analysis for phosphate is laboratory based, it is predicted that the emergence of robust, sensitive, and commercially available portable and online instruments for analysis of phosphate and TP will replace a major part of this analytical load. Such a move is likely to be enhanced by the development of sensitive phosphate selective enzyme electrodes using amperometric detection, which would provide a viable and selective alternative to PMB spectrophotometry. Further advances toward miniaturized flow systems are also expected. 

Spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet (UV) range has repeatedly proven to be a fast, inexpensive and reliable method for the monitoring of many compounds in urban and industrial wastewaters (Narayana and Sunil 2009 Pinheiro et al. 2004). Through the application of spectral analysis, quantitative and qualitative wastewater parameters can be estimated on direct samples in just a few minutes, using portable or online field instrumentation. Perez (2001) has successfully applied UV spectral deconvolution on wastewater monitoring in a chemical industry, for the estimation of aniline derivative concentrations. In the case of textile effluents, the use of the UV range of the spectra (200-350 nm) for aromatic amine determination is particularly useful to avoid interference by visible colour of dyes. The characteristic... 

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