Water temporality

Mahler, B. J., and Lynch, F. L., 1999, Muddy waters temporal variation in sediment discharging from a karst spring, J. Hydrol, 214 165-178. 

M. Vollprecht, F. Dieterle, S. Busche, G. Gauglitz, K.-.J Eichhom, B. Voit, Quantification of quaternary mixtures of low alcohols in water temporal-resolved measurements with microporous and hyperbranched polymer sensors for reduction of sensor number. Anal. Chem. 

A catalyst may play an active role in a different sense. There are interesting temporal oscillations in the rate of the Pt-catalyzed oxidation of CO. Ertl and coworkers have related the effect to back-and-forth transitions between Pt surface structures [220] (note Fig. XVI-8). See also Ref. 221 and citations therein. More recently Ertl and co-workers have produced spiral as well as plane waves of surface reconstruction in this system [222] as well as reconstruction waves on the Pt tip of a field emission microscope as the reaction of H2 with O2 to form water occurred [223]. Theoretical simulations of these types of effects have been reviewed [224]. 

Materials that on shor t exposure could cause serious tempor ary or residual injury 3 Liquids or solids that can he ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions 3 Materials that in themselves are readily capable of detonation or of explosive decomposition or reaction hut require a strong initiating source or which must he heated under confinement before initiation or which react explosively with water... 

As mentioned earlier, there is an inverse relationship between water volumes and oxygen concentration in soil. As soils dry, conditions become more aerobic and oxygen diffusion rates become higher. The wet-dry or anaerobic-aerobic alternation, either temporal or spatial, leads to higher corrosion rates than would be obtained within a constant environment. Oxygen-concentration-cell formation is enhanced. This same fluctuation in water and air relations also leads to greater variation in biological activity within the soil. 

The Terrestrial Component. These papers illustrate the application of temporal, spatial, and domain connectivity. Chemicals associated with people, food eaten by people, insects, and other organisms that compete with people for food, and other biomass must be identified. Since most of these chemical groups are terrestrial, spatial boundaries such as urban, biome, regional, and global are used. From a system perspective, these boundaries exclude water and air and require that they be placed in the "rest of the system" category. This type of boundary introduces the assumption that food, competitors for food, or any chemical that is discharged to or harvested from the air or water is ignored or assumed to be external to the system studied. 

Nevertheless, the response of water resources will be more complex, as human activities will also change in response to altered climates. The intensity of the pressure put on water resources and aquatic ecosystems by external drivers is related to higher economic income (e.g. expressed by electricity production and consumption) of human societies [5]. The limitation of resources can be qualified by a diversity of terms, varying somewhat in intensity drought, temporality, and... 

Functional Alterations in River Ecosystems Associated with Water Scarcity and Temporality... 

Morris RD, Naumova EN, Levin R, Munasinghe RL (1996) Temporal variation in drinking water turbidity and diagnosed gastroenteritis in Milwaukee. Am J Public Health 86 237-239... 

Gaertner JP, Garres T, Becker JC et al (2009) Temporal analyses of Salmonellae in a headwater spring ecosystem reveals the effects of precipitation and runoff events. J Water Health 7 115-121... 

Inputs from WWTP effluents can also affect the hydrologic and nutrient concentration regimes of recipient streams at different temporal scales. Daily variations of these parameters may be exacerbated in streams below the WWTP input by the diel patterns of the effluent discharge associated with plant operation [46]. In contrast, at the annual scale, seasonal variations of physical and chemical parameters upstream of the WWTP may be dampened by the constant input of additional water and nutrients from the WWTP. At its extreme, naturally intermittent or ephemeral streams may turn into permanent streams downstream of WWTPs [28, 30]. In these effluent-dominated streams, the relative contribution of WWTP inputs may vary widely on an annual basis, as shown by the 3-100% range measured in a Mediterranean stream [47]. Finally, WWTP inputs also cause shifts in the relative availability of N and P as well as in the relative importance of reduced and oxidized forms of N in the stream [30, 47]. The magnitude of these shifts depends on the level of wastewater treatment (i.e., primary, secondary, or tertiary treatment), the type of WWTP infrastructure (e.g., activated sludge reactor. 

Van Nuijs ALN, Pecceu B, Theunis L, Dubois N, Oiarlier C, Jorens PG, Bervoets L, Blust R, Neels H, Covaci A (2009) Spatial and temporal variations in the occurrence of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in waste- and surface water from Belgium and removal during wastewater treatment. Water Res 43(5) 1341-1349... 

There are also indications that climate-related shifts in wood 5 C of 1 to 3%o have occurred in time such shifts have been observed at the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary (Becker et al. 1991 Van de Water et al. 1994), and at later (Epstein and Krishnamurthy 1990) and earlier times (Aucour et al. 1993 Leavitt and Danzer 1992). Other temporal variations in plants can be seasonal (Leavitt and Long 1991 Loader et al. 1995). 

---