Specific work combined cycles

A similar argument can be used for a fuelled semi-closed cycle, assuming that it can be regarded as the addition of an open CBT plant and a closed CHT cycle with identical working gas mass flow rates (and small fuel air ratios). Suppose the latter receives its heat supply from the combustion chamber of the former in which the open cycle combustion takes place. If the specific heats of air and products are little different, then the work output is doubled when the two plants are added together, but the fuel supply is also approximately doubled. The efficiency of the combined semi-closed plant is, therefore, approximately the same as that of the original open cycle plant. 

The commercial DLC must also fulfill its functional task in a wide range of conditions. For example, specifications define the superposition of the following working conditions a temperature domain defined between -40°C and 70°C, combined with a voltage cycling between 1.35 and 2.7 V, 50 G mechanical shocks, and a current intensity distribution between -0.2 and +0.2 A/F. 

This chapter is concerned with green reactions, products and methodological advances facilitating them. To those ends, our work has attempted to simplify processes by combining as many tasks as possible into unit operations. Aspects include selection of media, reactants, catalysts, conditions and product isolation. Examples are presented along with details of some specific classes of relatively complex molecules that may be prepared. These include novel macro-cycles, ligands and phenol/formaldehyde oligomers. 

In the present work, a new kinetics configuration utilizing a pulsed laser for photolysis and a quasi-cw, ultraviolet laser for fluorescence excitation has been developed. This technique combines the best features of the two kinetic methods mentioned above. Laser photolysis generally permits greater reactant formation specificity than does flashlamp photolysis. Laser-induced fluorescence detection outperforms resonance fluorescence detection because of its increased fluorescence excitation flux, decreased scattered light signal, and wavelength tunability. Cw fluorescence excitation is desirable over pulsed fluorescence excitation due to its freedom from pulse-to-pulse normalization constraints and, most importantly, because of its efficient duty cycle and the consequent increased density of points obtainable... 

One of the main drawbacks of TOF or QTOF instruments compared to QqQ working in SRM mode is their lower sensitivity, since the principal difficulties for the analysis of illicit drags in wastewater and surface water are their low concentration levels in combination with the complexity of the matrix. This disadvantage might be resolved, or at least minimized, by activating specific functions like, for example, the enhanced-duty cycle (EDC) mode in the instrument used in oirrwoik (QTOF Premier, Waters). When TOF operates in EDC mode, the ion abundance is expected to be improved, as ions are transported in packets which make it possible to synchronize the TOF pusher with each ion packet and enhance the duty cycle over a selected m/z range (Weaver et al., 2007). 

In this paper, a method of software safety verification at the system level based on STPA is proposed. We investigated the application of the STPA structure to software, and we found that STPA can be directly used for software. We mapped the results of the STPA safety analysis to a formal specification to be able to verify safety requirements at the software code level. The limitation of the method is that the formal specification is done manually which may lead to much effort to construct and check the potential combinations of relevant states. Therefore, we are exploring the automation of this step and integrate it with our A-STPA tool as future work. Furthermore, we plan in-depth case studies to improve the method by applying it to real safety-critical software in industry. We plan also to investigate the effectiveness of using the proposed method during an ISO 26262 life cycle in the automotive industry. 

An important feature of the SPI is that it focuses the attention of designers and decision makers on the most pressing environmental questions, which usually arise as a combination of different impacts emerging from a specific step in the life cycle. This guarantees on the one hand that problematic sections of a life cycle get the right scrutiny. On the other hand it saves crucial development resources as the main work can be dedicated to those sections of a life cycle that really matter. 

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