Specific Organic Constituents

Among organic constituent measurements, that of aggregate properties (BOD and COD) and specific parameters (TOC for example) has been well developed for more than 20 years. Concerning BOD, a recent review on biosensors [33] has been published. BOD biofilm-based sensors as well as respirometric systems, other measuring principles, and the commercial BOD instruments are discussed and compared regarding their performance characteristics like linearity, response time, precision, agreement between BOD values obtained from the biosensors and the conventional 5-day test, as well as toxic resistance to various compounds and operational stability. 

Conventional refinery wastewater treatment technology is mainly concerned with removing oU, organics, and suspended solids before discharge. However, because of new stringent discharge requirements for specific toxic constituents as well as whole-effluent toxicity, specific advanced treatment processes are becoming a necessity for many refineries. This section describes the... 

Specific chemical constituents Oxidizing chemicals Organic solvents -Operating temperature -pH... 

A therapeutic serum is a product obtained from blood by removing the clot or clot components and the blood cells. .. (4) An antitoxin is a product containing the soluble substances in serum or other body fluid of an immunized animal that specifically neutralizes the toxin against which it is immune. (5) A product is analogous...(ii) to a therapeutic serum if composed of whole blood or plasma or containing some organic constituent of product other than a hormone or an amino acid, derived from whole blood, plasma, or serum... 

A number of zinc compounds with organic constituents (e.g., zinc salts of organic acids) have therapeutic uses. These include antidandruff zinc pyridinethione, antifungal zinc undecylenate used to treat athlete s foot, zinc stearate and palmitate (zinc soap), and antibacterial zinc bacitracin. Zinc naphthenate is used as a low-toxicity wood preservative, and zinc phenolsulfonate has insecticidal properties and was once used as an intestinal antiseptic. The inhalation of zinc soaps by infants has been known to cause acute fatal pneumonitis characterized by lung lesions similar to, but more serious than, those caused by talc. Zinc pyridine thione (zinc 2-pyridinethiol-l-oxide) has been shown to cause retinal detachment and blindness in dogs this is an apparently species-specific effect because laboratory tests at the same and even much higher dosages in monkeys and rodents do not show the same effect. 

The identification and quantitative determination of specific organic compounds in very complex samples is an area of intense current research activity in analytical chemistry Optical spectroscopy (particularly UV-visible and infrared absorption and molecular fluorescence and phosphorescence techniques) has been used widely in organic analysis. Any optical spectroscopic technique to be used for characterization of a very complex sample, such as a coal-derived material, should exhibit very high sensitivity (so that trace constituents can be determined) and extremely great selectivity (so that fractionation and separation steps prior to the actual analysis can be held to the minimum number and complexity). To achieve high analytical selectivity, an analytical spectroscopic technique should produce highly structured and specific spectra useful for "fingerprinting purposes," as well as to minimize the extent of overlap of spectral bands due to different constituents of complex samples. 

This term covers a broader spectrum of effects on plants than the term "plant growth regulators" that has been commonly used in English-speaking countries. This new definition should do greater justice to the variety of effects that are expected from this class of substances. These include not only an influence on the growth and development processes of crop plants or their specific organs, but also the modification of metabolic processes or the formation of certain constituents, as well as a modified stress behavior. 

Sephton M. A. and Gilmour I. (2001b) Compound specific isotope analysis of the organic constituents in carbonaceous chondrites. Mass Spec. Rev. 20, 111-120. 

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