Species names

Yeasts belonging to Basidior cetes form external spores. ia.yiscomjcetes sexual reproduction occurs with the formation of spores in a cell that serves as a spore sac or ascus. Generally four, but sometimes eight or more, spores are formed in each ascus. This is sometimes reflected in the species name, ie,... 

Bacteria are named according to a binomial system. The first word is the genus and the second is the species name. The most frequently referred to bacterium in the sanitary field is Escherichia coli. E. coli is a common coliform that can be used as an indicator of water s bacteriological quality. Under a microscope and magnified 1,000 times, cells appear as individual short rods. 

Both ligands have equilibrium association constants for receptor complexes of Ka and Kb, respectively. The binding of either ligand to the receptor modifies the affinity of the receptor for the other ligand by a factor a. There can be three ligand-bound receptor species namely [A R], [BR], and [BA R] ... 

Since the year 2001, the species name Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge 1989 is widely used in place of Gonyaulax polyedra Stein 1883. Considering that many important papers on dinoflagel-late luminescence have been published using the old name, the name Gonyaulax is used in this book. 

The rheological behavior of storage XGs was characterized by steady and dynamic shear rheometry [104,266]. Tamarind seed XG [266] showed a marked dependence of zero-shear viscosity on concentration in the semi-dilute region, which was similar to that of other stiff neutral polysaccharides, and ascribed to hyper-entanglements. In a later paper [292], the flow properties of XGs from different plant species, namely, suspension-cultured tobacco cells, apple pomace, and tamarind seed, were compared. The three XGs differed in composition and structural features (as mentioned in the former section) and... 

Most of the as-isolated [NiFe] hydrogenases are inactive, and the nickel center exhibits an intense rhombic EPR signal termed Ni-A (g = 2.31, 2.26, and 2.02) with variable amounts of a second nickel species, named Ni-B (g = 2.33, 2.16, and 2.02), with slightly different... 

Intermediate species concentrations in fuel-rich flames (C/O = 0.5) of the two isomeric esters methyl acetate (left) and ethyl formate (right) burnt under identical conditions mole fraction, h height species named on the left side of each graph correspond to left y-axes, species on the right to right y-axes. 

More-specific methods are available for identifying and quantitating the typical, amino sugar component of heparin (and some heparan sulfate species), namely, 2-deoxy-2-sulfoamino-D-glucose. Most of these methods are based on conversion of these residues into 2,5-anhydro-D-mannose by deamination with nitrous acid (see Section VIII,2). The 2,5-anhydro-D-mannose residues may be determined either colorimetrically,52-54 or fluorimetrically.55... 

A Danish legend says that elder sprang from the blood of a slain countryman. Dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus) is said to grow near ancient battlefields where much blood has been shed. The species name ebulus means "to bubble up." The belief was that the blood of soldiers bubbled up from the earth. The plant does turn very red in the fall and, when it dies down, it leaves a red stain upon the ground and then disappears until the next spring. 

Different mechanisms to explain the disinfection ability of photocatalysts have been proposed [136]. One of the first studies of Escherichia coli inactivation by photocatalytic Ti02 action suggested the lipid peroxidation reaction as the mechanism of bacterial death [137]. A recent study indicated that both degradation of formaldehyde and inactivation of E. coli depended on the amount of reactive oxygen species formed under irradiation [138]. The action with which viruses and bacteria are inactivated by Ti02 photocatalysts seems to involve various species, namely free hydroxyl radicals in the bulk solution for the former and free and surface-bound hydroxyl radicals and other oxygen reactive species for the latter [139]. Different factors were taken into account in a study of E. coli inactivation in addition to the presence of the photocatalyst treatment with H202, which enhanced the inactivation... 

The variation of the chemical structures in both Type I and Type II compounds results from differences in both biosynthetic enzyme systems and their starting material. This topic, however, has been judiciously described in the chapter by R. Jurenka. While the grouping employed in this chapter is based on biosynthetic origin, some chemicals were involuntarily classified considering their functional groups more sizably than the origin. Incidentally, taxonomic information is important for insect pheromone research. In this chapter, the family name (with the common suffix -idae) is associated with the species name. For those species whose family name is not listed in Figs. 1 and 2, the superfamily name (with the common suffix -oidea) is associated. The subfamily name (with the common suffix -inae) is also described for the species in Tor-tricidae, Pyralidae, and Noctuidae. 

Quinolizine exists as a mixture of up to three species, namely the 2H-, 4H- and 9a/7-tautomers (17 and 18, respectively). This tautomeric equilibrium has been extensively studied in the case of tetramethyl quinolizine-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylate, where, as previously mentioned, the 4/7-tautomer 17 has been shown to be thermodynamically more stable than the 9/7-species 18 through ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations. An interesting feature of these compounds is that the rate of the interconversion of the 9a//-tautomer 18 into the more stable 4//-cornpound 17 depends on the position of substituents in ring B <2003JST651>. 

The decahydrocyclazine skeleton is also found in the alkaloid 395, currently known only by the designation 261C. This compound bears a passing resemblance to some of the myrmicarins (Section 16.6.5.2), but occurs in the skin of a totally different animal species, namely poisonous frogs of the genus Mantella <2003H(59)745>. 

Further, although the first two enzymes in the pathway seem similar to the DBT desulfurization pathway of IGTS8, they have exclusive substrate specificity, since they cannot convert DBT to HBPSi. The Gordonia sp. Strain 213 and a related species 213F were classified as new species named as G. desulfuricans, based on their unique 16S rRNA sequence [18],... 

Schwarz s model is a multiradical extension of the Ganguly-Magee model with some additional improvements, to be described later. Schwarz assumes that initially—that is, 10 11 s after the act of energy deposition in water—there appear five species, namely eh, H, OH, H30+, and H2. Their initial yields, indicated by superscript zero, are related by charge conservation and material balance. Thus, there are three independent initial yields, taken to be those of eh, H, and Hr The initial yield of H2 is identified with the unscavengable molecular hydrogen yield. No mechanism of its production is speculated, except that it is not formed by radical recombination. For the gaussian distribution of the radicals, two initial... 

First, a brief explanation of the current knowledge regarding the sources and cycling of Hg and its transformation into MeHg is presented. Later, in this chapter, THg and limited data on organomercury levels in aquatic organisms of the Ebro River basin are detailed. The aquatic organisms most commonly studied in the Ebro River basin are zebra mussel, red swamp crayfish, and different fish species, namely European catfish, northern pike, common carp, rudd, roach, barbell, and bleak. 

Species names Bg, Barbus graelsii Cc, Cyprinus carpio Cf, Corbicula fluminea Dm, Daphnia magna Dp, Dreissena polymorpha Pc, Procambarus clarkii... 

The pneumococci all belong to different types of the same species, namely, Streptococcus pneumoniae. This was earlier called Diplococcus pneumoniae, but has been renamed.5 6 7 There are some 80 different types of pneumococcus, and two systems of nomenclature, the Danish, used in Europe, and Eddy s, used in the United States.8 Tables correlating the Danish and American designations have been published.8 The Danish system, with Arabic numerals and common abbreviations, such as Phi for Type 1 and SI for its type-specific, capsular polysaccharide, will be used in this article. 

By simply expressing the net binding energy of each (HF) in terms of the nominal number of H-bonds in each species, namely... 

The EXAFS signal from the Co K edge gives information on the surroundings of cobalt. As an active sulfided Co-Mo/AI2O3 catalyst contains at least two cobalt species, namely ions inside the A1203 lattice and in the Co-Mo-S phase, it is better to investigate the Co-Mo-S phase in carbon-supported catalysts. The latter can be... 

By employing a laser for the photoionization (not to be confused with laser desorption/ ionization, where a laser is irradiating a surface, see Section 2.1.21) both sensitivity and selectivity are considerably enhanced. In 1970 the first mass spectrometric analysis of laser photoionized molecular species, namely H2, was performed [54]. Two years later selective two-step photoionization was used to ionize mbidium [55]. Multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry (MPI-MS) was demonstrated in the late 1970s [56—58]. The combination of tunable lasers and MS into a multidimensional analysis tool proved to be a very useful way to investigate excitation and dissociation processes, as well as to obtain mass spectrometric data [59-62]. Because of the pulsed nature of most MPI sources TOF analyzers are preferred, but in combination with continuous wave lasers quadrupole analyzers have been utilized [63]. MPI is performed on species already in the gas phase. The analyte delivery system depends on the application and can be, for example, a GC interface, thermal evaporation from a surface, secondary neutrals from a particle impact event (see Section 2.1.18), or molecular beams that are introduced through a spray interface. There is a multitude of different source geometries. 

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