Spatial resolution visualization

Cons Low beam intensities (low time and spatial resolution) Visualization of light elements in the presence of metals Low beam intensities... 

This technique demonstrates the potential in combining the spatial specificity of microscopy with the powerful chemical specificity of spectroscopy. A balance between the need for sensitive spectral information and a need for high spatial resolution visualization is also necessary for morphological characterization. Hence, infrared microspectroscopy is performed in sequence with emphasis placed on instrumentation capabilities and experimental possibilities. 

Laminographical approaches can be used for layer-by-layer visualization of the internal microstructure for the flat objects (multilayers, PCBs etc.), that caimot be reconstructed by computerized tomography because of the limited possibilities in rotation. Depth and lateral spatial resolutions are limited by the tube, camera and rotation accuracy. Microfocus X-ray tubes and digital registration techniques with static cameras allow improving resolution. Precision object manipulations and more effective distortion corrections can do further improvement. 

Tagging is not the method of choice for determining velocities because the calculation of the velocity is complex and the spatial resolution of the velocity information is only as good as the size of the grids. The best velocity images are made with the phase method, described below. However, tagging is a superb method to visualize flow. 

Other localization methods rely on mass spectrometry in vaporized parts of the sample such as secondary ion mass spectrometry, SIMS, and other techniques [77, 78]. Here, atomic boron is detected. In addition, the specific electron shell energy of boron (usually the K shell) can be used for visualization [66, 79]. A combination of quantitative techniques with suboptimal spatial resolution and the high-resolution detection methods can give an indication about the radiation response to be expected. All these techniques require, however, that the compound in ques-... 

The dependence of spatial resolution on the charge state of the electrode in mode 4 is visualized in Fig. 4.17 d-g. A red HeNe laser and a slit have been used to project a diffraction pattern on an n-type sample surface as shown in the inset... 

Magnetic Resonance Imaging on whole body units provides visualization of tissue inside slices with a thickness of several millimetres. The spatial resolution in the plain is often better than one millimetre so that even relatively small structures can be well depicted. However, the spatial resolution is not sufficient to resolve the microscopic structures mentioned in Section 2. Only the cross-sections of single muscles and septa from fatty tissue or cormective tissue can be visualized in MR images recorded from humans in vivo. 

The magnification attended in the experiment with the photoelectron microscope was M = 10s, and the spatial resolution was around 30 nm, which proved sufficient for the visualization of individual color centers in a LiF crystal with the concentration of such centers less than 10l7cm 3. The results obtained in Ref. 9 may be considered the first successful implementation of laser resonance photoelectron microscopy possessing both subwavelength spatial resolution and chemical selectivity (spectral resolution). It will be necessary to increase the spatial resolution of the technique by approximately an order of magnitude and substantially improve its spectral resolution by effecting resonance multistep photoionization by means of tunable ultrashort laser pulses. 

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