Spain efforts

An important future use for maleic anhydride is beUeved to be the production of products in the 1,4-butanediol—y-butyrolactone—tetrahydrofuran family. Davy Process Technology has commercialized a process (93) for producing 1,4-butanediol from maleic anhydride. This technology can be used to produce the product mix of the three molecules as needed by the producer. Another significant effort in this area is the tetrahydrofuran plant under constmction in Spain by Du Pont in which butane is oxidized and recovered as maleic acid and the maleic acid is then reduced to tetrahydrofuran (109). 

Since 1951, the majority of imported almonds have come from Spain and Turkey. Production of almonds in southern Italy has declined by neatly 50% owing to competition from Spain, the United States, and Turkey. Efforts have been made, however, to expand the ItaUan almond industry (155). The United States is a primary exporter of almonds. Shelled almonds are used primarily by candy manufacturers and nut salters. In-sheU almonds are sold as mixtures of the in-sheU nut through retail outlets. 

The main entry point of cocaine into Europe continues to be Spain. Traffickers exploit Spains historic and linguistic ties with Latin America, as well as its long coastline. Spain has reported Europe s largest cocaine seizures for the last twenty years. In 2005, Spain s seizures of 48 mt of cocaine accounted for 45 per cent of all cocaine seizures made in Europe, and rose by almost half from 2004 to 2005, which was also the result of greater effort by the Spanish enforcement agencies. 

Commercial sources of vanadium which are now disused arc the roscoelite deposits in Colorado, the vanadinite deposits near Santa Marta in Spain, and the mottramite deposits in Cheshire and Shrewsbury.1 It is of some interest to note that efforts are being made to extract the vanadium from the Taberg iron ores or slags, in which vanadium was originally discovered,2 and from the Rhodesian deposits.3... 

There were relatively few restrictions on drug availability or drug use prior to the beginning of the 20th century (an exception is Islamic law s edicts on alcohol consumption). Occasional efforts were made to decrease or eliminate certain substances, but these efforts tended to be short-lived or ineffective. For example, initial introductions to Europe of tobacco, coffee, and tea all met some resistance. Rodrigo de Jerez, a colleague of Columbus and thought to be the first European to smoke tobacco, was jailed in Spain because the authorities felt the devil had overtaken him (Whitaker, 1987). Also, at different times efforts were made to ban the use of coffee and tea. 

Dehydrothyrsiferol (3), an analogue of thyrsiferol (1), was the next marine metabolite discovered from Laurencia. In an effort to assess halogen-based secondary metabolite synthesis, Norte and co-workers isolated compound 3 in 1984 as a white crystalline solid [6]. This natural product was found in Laurencia pinnatifida located on the Cannary Islands of Spain. Its chemical structure was verified via chemical transformation into thyrsiferol (1). 

When no hemp arrived for shipment to Spain, experts were sent to California to instmct the people how to grow and prepare hemp for market. The area around San Jose was chosen as an experimental farm area in 1801 and an earnest effort was made to raise hemp for market. 

The edueation and dissemination of information is another primary objective of ISMP—Spain If everyone understands the nature and causes of medication errors, there is a much greater possibility of improving patient safety. In this sense, ISMP—Spain makes educational presentations and holds conferences at healthcare professional meetings to provide information about adverse drug events. ISMP—Spain also publishes opinion articles and practical articles in Spanish healthcare journals in an effort to broadly disseminate a culture of safety and error prevention. 

ISMP—Spain believes in the importance of coordinating efforts to enhance patient safety in countries all over the world. It is open to the creation of a work platform in Europe and also to cooperating with Spanish-speaking countries with any initiatives they may undertake to improve their medication systems. 

The Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy (SSHP) is the only national association of its kind to group together hospital pharmacists in Spain. The society is very well established within the profession due to its long tradition of protecting the interests of the sector. It has not always been easy to maintain the importance and representative of the society. However, due to the efforts of its presidents and the pharmacists themselves, it is now one of the most relevant hospital pharmacy societies in Spain and in Europe. 

This argumentation could successfully be mediated to ethic committees and institutional review boards. Eleven of 12 boards in the USA and 11 of 12 in Europe approved the protocol. All review boards were very committed to the topic and took considerable efforts to come to an agreement in their committee discussions. One refusal was received from a center in Denver, Colorado, USA, and one from the University of Pamplona, Spain. 

U.S. Nevertheless, as is always the case, law-enforcement efforts seved as the most effective advertising for ayahuasca possible, and people uninterested in rainforest conservation or ethnobotany were made aware of the existence of ayahuasca anyway. Meanwhile, the ayahuasca churches of udv and Santo Daime have established themselves in many countries outside of South America (Luna 1992), are presently thriving in the United States, Spain and in other European countries, and individual ayahuasquerosssz operating in Mexico City and doubtless other cities far from the aboriginal home of the jungle ambrosia (Ott 1995B). 

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