Space sciences dynamics

Grasset O. (2000). On the internal Structure and Dynamics of Titan. Planetary and Space Science 48(1) 617-636. 

Space Science Laboratory General Dynamics/Astronautics San Diegoy Calif. 

Space Science Laboratory, General Dynamics/Astronautics San Diego, Calif,... 

P. K. Rol, Low-Energy Interaction Studies by a Merging Beams Technique, Space Science Laboratory, General Dynamics/Convair, Report AFCRL-69-0324 (GDC-DBE69-006) (1970). 

Flasar, F. M. (1998). The dynamic meteorology of Titan. Planetary and Space Science,... 

Hayes, P. B., Killeen, T. C., Kennedy, B. C. (1981). The Fabry-Perot interferometer on dynamics explorer. Space Science Instrumentation, 5, 395-416. 

In his early survey of computer experiments in materials science , Beeler (1970), in the book chapter already cited, divides such experiments into four categories. One is the Monte Carlo approach. The second is the dynamic approach (today usually named molecular dynamics), in which a finite system of N particles (usually atoms) is treated by setting up 3A equations of motion which are coupled through an assumed two-body potential, and the set of 3A differential equations is then solved numerically on a computer to give the space trajectories and velocities of all particles as function of successive time steps. The third is what Beeler called the variational approach, used to establish equilibrium configurations of atoms in (for instance) a crystal dislocation and also to establish what happens to the atoms when the defect moves each atom is moved in turn, one at a time, in a self-consistent iterative process, until the total energy of the system is minimised. The fourth category of computer experiment is what Beeler called a pattern development... 

In physics, fluid dynamics is a sub-discipline of fluid mechanics that deals with fluid flow —the natural science of fluids (liquids and gases) in motion. It has several subdisciplines itself, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in motion). Fluid dynamics offers a systematic structure that underlies these practical disciplines, that embraces empirical and semi-empirical laws derived from flow measurement and used to solve practical problems. The solution to a fluid dynamics problem typically involves calculating various properties of the fluid, such as velocity, pressure, density, viscosity and temperature, as functions of space and time. 

The chemical world is often divided into measurers and makers of molecules. This division has deep historic roots, but it artificially impedes taking advantage of both aspects of the chemical sciences. Of key importance to all forms of chemistry are instruments and techniques that allow examination, in space and in time, of the composition and characterization of a chemical system under study. To achieve this end in a practical manner, these instruments will need to multiplex several analytical methods. They will need to meet one or more of the requirements for characterization of the products of combinatorial chemical synthesis, correlation of molecular structure with dynamic processes, high-resolution definition of three-dimensional structures and the dynamics of then-formation, and remote detection and telemetry. 

Soil Science and Biometeorology Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 Space Dynamics Laboratories, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322... 

In general, the condition of systems H and N can be described by vectors xH t) = xlH,..., Xff and xN(t) = x, ..., x , respectively. The combined trajectory of these systems in n + m-dimensional space is described by the function rj t) = F(xh,xn) which is determined by solutions of the global model equations. The form of F is determined by knowledge of the laws of co-evolution, and therefore there is a possibility of investigations in different spheres of science. The available estimates of F (Krapivin, 1996) reveal a correlation between the notions survivability and sustainability. According to Ashby (1956), the dynamic system is alive within the time interval (ta, tb), if its determining phase coordinates are within admissible limits xlH>min N< x/N>max. And since systems H and N have a biological basis and limited resources, one of the indicated boundary conditions turns out to be unnecessary (i.e., for the components of vector... 

In this report, chemical imaging is defined as the spatial and temporal characterization of the molecular composition, structure, and dynamics of any given sample—with the ultimate goal being able to both understand and control complex chemical processes. As illustrated by the case studies in Chapter 2, this ability to image or visualize chemical events in space and time is essential to the future development of many fields of science. 

Recent single-molecule experimental studies of proteins provide more detailed views of protein motions, and confirm that a wide variety of timescales is involved in, e.g., catalytic action of enzymes [7,14,15,19,33], Of course, molecular dynamics simulations have been used to probe motions in single proteins for many years, and advances in both theory and computational science have made simulations a powerful approach to building theoretical understanding of protein dynamics [1], The recent introduction of accelerated molecular dynamics methods is helpful in this context [11]. Although detailed dynamical information is sacrificed to the enhanced sampling of conformational space in these methods, which have been shown to access conformational fluctuations that are revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance experiments on the millisecond... 

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