Space radiators

Ting, J.M. Guth, J.R.and Lake, M.L., Light weight, highly thermal conductive composites for space radiators, Ceram., Eng. Sci. Proc., July-Aug., 1995, pp. 279. 288. 

The intensity transmitted to the waveguide can be related to the Poynting vector of the incident ffee-space radiation and that of the PhC-mode a few microns away from the interface, which confirms the 80% coupling efficieny. 

In addition to the fundamental scientific aspects, many studies on the chemical effects of heavy ion radiolysis have significant practical applications. These applications range from the nuclear power industry [26,27], space radiation effects [28], medical therapy [29],... 

Strategic program plan for space radiation health research. Life Sciences Division, Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Application, NASA, Washington DC 20546. 

National Academy of Sciences Space Science Board, Report of the Task Group on the Biological Effects of Space Radiation. Radiation Hazards to Crews on Interplanetary Mission National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1997. 

NRC (National Research Council). (2006). Space radiation hazards and the vision for space exploration. The National... 

Nuclear, Pulsed, and Space Radiation Effects Projects , REIC Memorandum 11-C, Battelle Memorial Inst, Columbus (1963) (AD-338950) 118) H.M. Abbott, Radiation Effects on Propellants, Explosives and Related Materials An Annotated Bibliography (U) , Rpt No 6-90-63-54, Lockheed Missiles Space Co, Sunnyvale (1963) (C) (AD-3 40240) 119) Anon, Radia-... 

Pulsed, and Space Radiation Effects Projects , REIC Memorandum 14-C, Radiation Effects Information Center, Battelle Memorial Inst, Columbus (1964) (AD-354391) 140) J-A. 

Sparrow E.M., Miller G.B., Jonsson V.K. (1962) Radiative effectiveness of annular-finned space radiators, including mutual irradiation between radiator elements. Journal of Aerospace Science 20(0), 1291-1299. 

Space Radiation Hazards and the Vision for Space Exploration (2006)... 

On Earth, heat travels by conduction, convection, and radiation. However, conduction and natural convection are almost entirely nonexistent in the vacuum of space. Radiation is the primary method of heat transport in space. Space-based electronics that need to be kept cold are attached to radiators that face deep space and radiate excess heat into space. These electronics (i.e., space based phased-array-radar and laser systems) and radiators are thermally insulated from the rest of the spacecraft. Cooling is achieved through surface thermal radiation to deep space. Space-based electronics thermal management encompasses not only the removal of waste heat, but also the conservation of heat to provide a benign environment for the instruments and on-board electronic equipment. 

Curtis, S.B., Radiation physics and evaluation of current hazards. In C.A. Tobias and P. Todd (eds.). Space Radiation Biology and Related Topics. Academic Press, 1974. 

Figure 1. Charged particle energy in a space radiation environment [1] and proton radiation effects.

Radiative boundary condition, denoted by . This boundary condition involves radiative heat transfer from the duct to the environment. The wall heat flux is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute wall temperature, and the environment temperature is uniform in the axial direction. This boundary condition can be found in high-temperature systems such as space radiators, liquid-metal exchangers, and heat exchangers involving heat-radiating gases. 

E. M. Sparrow, G. B. Miller, and V. K. Jonsson, Radiative Effectiveness of Annular-Finned Space Radiators, including Mutual Irradiation between Radiator Elements, J. Aerospace Sci., 29(11), pp. 1291-1299,1962. 

W. E. McEver and H. Hwangbo, Surface Tension Effects in a Space Radiator Condenser with Capillary Liquid Drainage, AIAA 18th Thermophysics Conf., Montreal, 1983. 

In making sound measurements, several factors regarding the nature of the source should be considered. Whether the source is a true point source in space radiating spherically, or whether it is a hemispherical source close to one flat surface or a quarfer sphere between two flat surfaces, and so on, if will make a difference in how the measurement needs to be performed. However, a detailed discussion of measurement issues is beyond the scope of this chapter and the reader may use some of the more comprehensive... 

This equation defines so-called "Elwald Space". Radiation of appropriate wavelength, impinging upon ordered rows of atoms, produces cones of scattered radiation, as follows ... 

It is clear that exposure of biological material to ionising radiation leads to a loss of function due to the modification of critical structures. Results of former space experiments suggest that the biological effect of space radiation could be enhanced under microgravity. 

One hypothesis is dial complex space radiation may particularly interfere with redox signalling of the photosynthetic electron transfer. 

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