Palm leaves

Palm leaf was the main material used for writing in southwest Asia before the introduction of paper. It was made by drying and processing the leaves of various palm trees in manners that varied in different areas the most commonly used leaves were those of Corypha umbraculiphera, the fan palm, and of Borasus flabellifer, the palmyra palm. 

Cycas revoluta Thunb. Tie Shu (Sago palm) (leaf) Sotelsulflavone, hinokiflavone, amentoflavone.33 Promote blood circulation. 

Ouricury, carandS. and raffia are commercial palm leaf waxes of lesser importance. Ouricury wax has a very high content of esters of hydroxylated carboxylic acids and is used as a substitute for camauba in carbon papers, etc. CarandS and raffia waxes have a very low contents of these adds and make unsatisfactory substitutes for camauba. 

Figure 4. A Russell image of a palm leaf manuscript.

The bows of the Ethiopians were of the stem of the palm-leaf. 

Rubus chingii Hu SCN palm-leaf raspberry Syn Rubus officinalis Koidz. PN /m pen zi (fruit)... 

The fruits of palm-leaf raspberry are eaten fresh and are also used for making jam, jelly, and various beverages (Wu et al. 2003). 

No information on the safety of palm-leaf raspberry or Chinese blackberry in pregnancy or lactation was identified in the scientific or traditional literature. Although this review did not identify any concerns for use while pregnant or nursing, safety has not been conclusively established. 

No information on the safety of palm-leaf raspberry or Chinese blackberry during pregnancy or lactation was identified. 

Cerotic acid (ceric aid, cerinic acid, hexacosanoic acid). H3C-(CH2)24-C00H, CjfiHjjOz, Mr 396.70, mp. 87.7-88.5 °C. Component of bee and other insect waxes, wool wax, camauba and other palm leaf and grass waxes. C. also occurs in the wax of tubercle bacilli (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). For die role of C. in the metabolic disease adrenoleukodystrophia, see erucic acid. 

The concept of composite materials is ancient to combine different materials to produce a new material with performance and efficiency imattainable by the individual constituents. An example is adding straw to mud for building stronger mud walls. Some more recent examples, but before engineered materials became prominent, are steel rods in concrete, cement and asphalt mixed with sand, fiberglass in resin, etc. In nature, examples abound a palm leaf, cellulose fibers in a lignin matrix (wood), collagen fibers in an apatite matrix (bone), etc. 

Particle boards (PB) from jute stick (JS), date palm leaf, and their blends offered higher sound transmission loss, higher thermal insulation, and lower swelling compared to plywood. Increase of JS in blend with date palm leaf increased sound loss as well as thermal insulation. Sound loss increased with increase in thickness of PB. Relationship between sound loss and thickness is found to be nonlinear. Sound loss reached maximum at board thickness of 19 mm for PB (Ghosh et al. 2010). 

Crin vegetal Palm leaf technicum Chamaerops humilis North Africa... 

Palmyra segments Palm leaf stem Brossus flabellifera India... 

RafRa fibers Palm leaf Raphia raffia East Africa... 

Piassava and Crin Vegetal. These palm (palm family, Arecaceae) fibers are obtained from the palm leaf base ofAttalea funifera growing in Brazil and the palm leaf segments of Chamaerops humilis growing in North Africa. The former are used for cordage and brushes, the latter for stuffing. 

Agrawal, O. P. (1975). Conservation of Asian cultural objects Asian materials and techniques -palm leaf manuscripts. Museum, 27(4), 166-172. 

Dehghani A, Ardekani SM, Al-Maadeed MA, Hassan A, Wahit MU. Mechanical and thermal properties of date palm leaf fiber reinforced recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) composites. Mater Des 2013 52 841-8. 

Guo M, Zhang TH, Chen BW, Cheng L. Tensile strength analysis of palm leaf sheath fiber with WeibuU... 

According to the observations of Seitz [56], the Waika of the Upper Rio Marauia packed root-bark scrapings (removed while the roots were still fresh) in leaves and stored them under the palm-leaf roof of the hut to dry they were kept there till required. Al 3-mixture of the root bark of mamakotomd, a Strychnos species, and the root or stem bark of mamakorma, possibly another... 

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