Sources Anthraquinones

Demirezer LO, Kuruiiziim-Uz A, Bergere I, Schiewe H-J, Zeeck A (2001) The Structures of Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Agents from Natural Source Anthraquinones and Tannins from Roots of Rumex patientia. Phytochemistry 58 1213... 

Demirezer, L.O Kuruuzum, U.A Bergere, I Schiewe, H.J Zeeck, A. The structures of antioxidant and cytotoxic agents from natural source anthraquinones and tannins from roots of Rumex patentia. Phytochemistry. 2001,58,1213-1217. 

Sources of Raw Materials. Coal tar results from the pyrolysis of coal (qv) and is obtained chiefly as a by-product in the manufacture of coke for the steel industry (see Coal, carbonization). Products recovered from the fractional distillation of coal tar have been the traditional organic raw material for the dye industry. Among the most important are ben2ene (qv), toluene (qv), xylene naphthalene (qv), anthracene, acenaphthene, pyrene, pyridine (qv), carba2ole, phenol (qv), and cresol (see also Alkylphenols Anthraquinone Xylenes and ethylbenzenes). 

Bacteria have been isolated using reduced anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (HjAQDS) as electron donor and nitrate as electron acceptor (Coates et al. 2002). The organisms belonged to the a-, p-, y-, and 5-subdivision of the Proteobacteria, and were able to couple the oxidation of H AQDS to the reduction of nitrate with acetate as the carbon source. In addition, a number of C2 and C3 substrates could be used including propionate, butyrate, fumarate, lactate, citrate, and pyruvate. 

Dichloro-2-N-octyl-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-S-triazine or N,N-dimethyl-N -phenyl-N -fluorodichloromethylthio)sulfamide Anthraquinones Free halogen sources with 5,5-dimethylhydantoin,... 

The application range designated by this generic name in the Colour Index incorporates those acid, direct and mordant dyes with substantivity for leather and satisfactory fastness on that substrate [55]. It is a commercially important sector, the number of products listed being exceeded only by the complete acid or direct dye ranges. As expected from the sources of this selection, about 85% of leather dyes are azo compounds (35% disazo, 30% monoazo, 20% metal-complex monoazo) and the remainder are mainly yellow to orange stilbene dyes and anthraquinone or triarylmethane types in the violet to green sectors. 

Benzanthrone (6.73) is the source of various commercially important violet, blue and green vat dyes. This tetracyclic system can be prepared from a mixture of anthraquinone and propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol) by heating with iron powder in concentrated sulphuric acid. The reaction involves reduction of anthraquinone to anthrone (6.74) followed by condensation (Scheme 6.14) with propenal (acrolein), the latter compound being generated... 

The two most important diphenylmethanes are phenolphthalein and bisacodyl. Senna and cascara are the sources of anthraquinone laxatives. However, although still available in some countries phenolphthalein is now removed from most markets because of concerns over carcinogenicity. As recent as 2006 the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has categorized castor oil as generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE) for over-the-counter use as a laxative. On the other hand, in 2002 cascara was banned by the FDA. 

The crinoid Comatula pectinata contained three anthraquinones (654-656) [522] while two further anthraquinones (657-658) were isolated from the crinoid Ptilometra sp. l,8-Dihydroxy-3-propyl-9,10-anthraquinone-6-O-sodium sulfate (657) and l,8-dihydroxy-3-(l -hydroxypropyl)-9,10-anthraquinone-6-O-sodium sulfate (658) have not previously been isolated from a natural source. l,8-Dihydroxy-3-(r-hydroxypropyl)-9,10-anthraquinone-6-Osodium sulfate (658) was cytotoxic [523]. 

The family, characteristic of Arabia and South Africa with some species in other parts of Africa and Madagascar, has been separated from the Liliaceac. Species have been introduced elsewhere. Several have been used as a source of laxative anthraquinones and as a component of cosmetic preparations. Aloe is one of the oldest drugs. 

Most of the previously identified 25 chlorinated anthraquinones are found in lichen and fungi (1). The newly discovered examples have a wider range of sources. Studies of the lichen Nephroma laevigatum from the British Columbia coast have identified the new anthraquinone, 7-chloro-l-O-methyl-co-hydroxy-emodin (2157), and the two novel hypericins, 7,7 -dichlorohypericin (2158) and 2,2, 7,7 -tetrachlorohypericin (2159) (1931), as well as 5-chloroemodin (2160), 5-c h I oro -1 - (9 - m e t h v I - o >- h yd ro x ye m od i n (2161), and 5-chloro-co-hydroxyemodin (2162) (1932). In addition to containing several known chlorinated anthraquinones, the Scandinavian fungus Dermocybe sanguinea has afforded the new 5,7-dichloroendocrocin (2163) (1933). The novel tetracyclic anthraquinones... 

Examination of the sources of error in the equations suggests the contribution of a number of factors. The purity of dyes, differences in solubilities of polymorphic forms of dyes, tau-tomerization, hydrogen bonding, and polarization all can contribute to the difficulty in accurately measuring the S and Kow. The use of an "average" value of ASf in the presence of variability of a factor of two in the values for rigid structures (e.g., anthraquinone dyes) versus more flexible molecules (e.g., azo dyes) may lead to significant errors in estimation. 

I and removed dependence on imported anthracene, the source of anthraquinone. It also made available a new route to 1-aminoanthraquinone (49), based on condensing phthalic anhydride with chlorobenzene, followed by animation80. 

Aloe is a medicinal plant that has been used since ancient times by cultures in many countries and continents for many of the same applications. Africa is blessed with a wide variety of Aloe spp. each used by the indigenous cultures. Fleshy leaves are the source of two of the main products, gel and latex, with both products showing distinct differences in their chemical composition. Chemical composition of gel consists mainly of water with carbohydrate polymers and a range of other organic and inorganic components. In contrast, the chemical composition of the latex includes many phenolic compounds such as anthraquinones and chromones. The objective of this paper is to review the the botany, chemistiy and pharmacological properties of Aloes from Africa. 

In the source table the compound was named 1,8-Bis(prop-2 -enyloxy)anthraquinone, but it must be 1,4-Bis(prop-2 -enyloxy)anthraquinone as the authors synthesized it from 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone. Figure 1 in the source also shows this 1,4- form. 

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