Sources and organization

Innovations in the decorative business do not necessarily entail new formulations or changing chemistries. They may well stem from marketing and commercial efforts, the adoption new information systems, and the introduction of new accessories (e.g. rollers). Indeed, product innovations appear often as commercial iimovations, e.g. new color range such as natural whites. One of the key objectives of market led innovations is to define a set of consumers served by standard products as an independent, more specific market and occupy it before rivals (Interviews, 1999). 

In this respect, the great divide is between the US and Europe. Indeed, all the interviewees pointed out decorative paints are used rather differently in the US and the EU. To quote one interviewee  

Tastes vary as well gloss effects are not very popular in the US, thus the formulations, and necessarily resins, used are different. The main result of these differences is that, traditionally, waterbased products are more diffused in the US thanks to natural market demand, rather than regulation. Therefore, US companies are benefiting from the advantages stemming from early adoption of this particular kind of formulation. The adoption of waterbased formulations in the EU countries is being slowed by demand conditions, rather than lack of technologic capabilities (Interview, 1999). 

It is worth noting that there are alternative to water based formulations which provide solutions to some of the problems that are inherent in the use of these paints, for example, that the water evaporates very quickly and favors the development of micro organisms. However, these alternatives increase the technical difficulties. VOC emissions can be reduced by changing the formulation of the resin (for instance, by reducing the content of white spirit), but this increases the final cost of the product, partly because the resin becomes more expensive per se, and partly because other additives are needed to achieve the same performance of standard products (particularly in terms of spreadability and durability). The trade off here is quite steep. Overall, it is fair to conclude that, whatever route is chosen, the science content of paints is increasing (Interview, 1999). 

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Preparation of poly(arylene sulfide) with low metal contamination by the process involving contacting a dihaloaromatic compound, a sulfur source, and organic amide, alkali metal carboxylate, and water in a reaction vessel made of titanium [172]. 

Discussions with graduate students, medical students, and colleagues helped me greatly in finding the sources and organizing the material. Special credit is due to Dr. Gloria Hepner who, in 1969, wrote a first draft of the chapter on immunology, and Dr. Vijaya Melnick who read the manuscript of the first two chapters and provided constructive criticism. 

Renewable Energy Energy obtained from (usually) natural and sustainable sources, including the Sun (solar), ocean (marine), water (hydro), wind, geothermal sources, and organic matter (biomass) also known as alternative energy. 

Russian refineries had begun to receive once again the products of the Caucasian oil fields. After an all-out effort by CWS officials to locate every available source and organize immediate delivery, fifty-six carloads of caustic soda were assembled in Chicago and sent on their way. Somewhat later in the war, procurement of caustic soda was transferred from the War Department to the Treasury Department. Other chemicals sent to the U.S.S.R. by the CWS went into the manufacture of such military necessities as smokeless powder, plastics, explosives, and high octane gasoline. ... 

Hydrocarbons are divided into two mam classes aliphatic and aromatic This classifi cation dates from the nineteenth century when organic chemistry was devoted almost entirely to the study of materials from natural sources and terms were coined that reflected a substance s origin Two sources were fats and oils and the word aliphatic was derived from the Greek word aleiphar meaning ( fat ) Aromatic hydrocarbons irre spective of their own odor were typically obtained by chemical treatment of pleasant smelling plant extracts... 

Sources providing additional examples of inorganic and organic gravimetric methods include the following texts. 

L. E. Swabb, Jr., G. K. Vick, and T. Aczel, "The Liquefaction of SoHd Carbonaceous Matedals," paper presented at The World Conference on Future Sources of Organic Raw Materials, Toronto, Can., July 10, 1978. 

The proposed mechanism by which chlorinated dioxins and furans form has shifted from one of incomplete destmction of the waste to one of low temperature, downstream formation on fly ash particles (33). Two mechanisms are proposed, a de novo synthesis, in which PCDD and PCDF are formed from organic carbon sources and Cl in the presence of metal catalysts, and a more direct synthesis from chlorinated organic precursors, again involving heterogeneous catalysis. Bench-scale tests suggest that the optimum temperature for PCDD and PCDF formation in the presence of fly ash is roughly 300°C. 

Decomposition Hazards. The main causes of unintended decompositions of organic peroxides are heat energy from heating sources and mechanical shock, eg, impact or friction. In addition, certain contaminants, ie, metal salts, amines, acids, and bases, initiate or accelerate organic peroxide decompositions at temperatures at which the peroxide is normally stable. These reactions also Hberate heat, thus further accelerating the decomposition. Commercial products often contain diluents that desensitize neat peroxides to these hazards. Commercial organic peroxide decompositions are low order deflagrations rather than detonations (279). 

In 1933, R. Kuhn and his co-workers first isolated riboflavin from eggs in a pure, crystalline state (1), named it ovoflavin, and deterrnined its function as a vitamin (2). At the same time, impure crystalline preparations of riboflavin were isolated from whey and named lyochrome and, later, lactoflavin. Soon thereafter, P. Karrer and his co-workers isolated riboflavin from a wide variety of animal organs and vegetable sources and named it hepatoflavin (3). Ovoflavin from egg, lactoflavin from milk, and hepatoflavin from Hver were aU. subsequently identified as riboflavin. The discovery of the yeUow en2yme by Warburg and Christian in 1932 and their description of lumiflavin (4), a photochemical degradation product of riboflavin, were of great use for the elucidation of the chemical stmcture of riboflavin by Kuhn and his co-workers (5). The stmcture was confirmed in 1935 by the synthesis by Karrer and his co-workers (6), and Kuhn and his co-workers (7). 

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