Sorbitol solubility

Table 7.223 Phase Diagram of Sorbitol Solubility In Hydroalcohollc Liquids...

Solvents. The most widely used solvent is deionized water primarily because it is cheap and readily available. Other solvents include ethanol, propjdene glycol or butylene glycol, sorbitol, and ethoxylated nonionic surfactants. There is a trend in styling products toward alcohol-free formulas. This may have consumer appeal, but limits the formulator to using water-soluble polymers, and requires additional solvents to solubilize the fragrance and higher levels of preservatives. 

Spray Drying. Spray-dry encapsulation processes (Fig. 7) consist of spraying an intimate mixture of core and shell material into a heated chamber where rapid desolvation occurs to thereby produce microcapsules (24,25). The first step in such processes is to form a concentrated solution of the carrier or shell material in the solvent from which spray drying is to be done. Any water- or solvent-soluble film-forming shell material can, in principle, be used. Water-soluble polymers such as gum arable, modified starch, and hydrolyzed gelatin are used most often. Solutions of these shell materials at 50 wt % soHds have sufficiently low viscosities that they stiU can be atomized without difficulty. It is not unusual to blend gum arable and modified starch with maltodextrins, sucrose, or sorbitol. 

Sorbitan monostearate is an ester of sorbitol and stearic acid. The sorbitol end of the molecule is highly soluble in water. The stearic acid end is soluble in fats. These properties allow the molecule to excel at making emulsions of oil and water. 

Boron zirconimn chelates from ammonium hydroxide water-soluble amines sodium or potassimn zirconium and organic acid salts such as lactates, citrates, tartrates, glycolates, malates, gluconates, glycerates, and mandelates with polyols such as glycerol, erythritol, arabitol, xylitol, sorbitol, dulcitol, mannitol, inositol, monosaccharides, and disaccharides [463,464,1592,1593]... 

Zentner and coworkers [24,26] utilized this information in their development of a system that releases this drug over a 24 hr period. The use of NaCl to modulate the release of diltiazem presents an interesting problem in that the concentration of the solubility modifier must be maintained within certain limits and below its saturation solubility within the device. To solve this problem, core formulations were developed that contained both free and encapsulated NaCl. The encapsulated NaCl was prepared by placing a microporous coating of cellulose acetate butyrate containing 20 wt% sorbitol onto sieved NaCl crystals. The coated granules released NaCl over 12-14 hr period via an osmotic mechanism into either water or the core tablet formulation. The in vitro release profile for tablets (core I devices) containing 360 mg of diltiazem HC1 and 100 mg of NaCl equally divided between the immediate release and controlled release fractions... 

The reaction was first conducted with success on sucrose [82], The degree of substitution (DS) obtained was controlled by the reaction time. Thus, under standard conditions (0.05% Pd(OAc)2/TPPTS, NaOH (1 M)/iPrOH (5/1), 50 °C) the DS was 0.5 and 5 after 14 and 64 h reaction time, respectively. The octadienyl chains were hydrogenated quantitatively in the presence of 0.8-wt.% [RhCl(TPPTS)3] catalyst in a HjO-EtOH (50/10) mixture, yielding a very good biodegradable surfactant (surface tension of 25 mN m-1 at 0.005% concentration in water) [84]. Telomerization reaction was also conducted with success on other soluble carbohydrates such as fructose, maltose, sorbitol and /i-cyclodextrin. 

Sorbitol and mannitol represent a pair of hexytols that differ only in the configuration of one hydroxy group at C2. This slight difference in their configurations gives both compounds differing physicochemical properties. For example, sorbitol is three and one half times more soluble than mannitol in water. Previous MD simulation of these hexytols (2) pointed out some characteristics that warrant further discussion. In particular their conformations depended on the solvent system. 

Dulcitol is no longer obtained in practice from Madagascar manna or other natural sources, but is produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of D-galactose, or, along with sorbitol, of hydrolyzed lactose because of its lower solubility in water it is readily separated from the sorbitol. 

The hexitols are colorless crystalline solids of sweet taste and varying solubility in water. Sorbitol is very soluble in water and is quite hygroscopic, being used commercially as a humectant. In general, the hexitols may be recrystallized from solutions in the lower alcohols, but they are insoluble in most other common organic solvents. 

Sorbitol (4) exhibits low reactivity, so a large excess of butadiene was used in the reaction (Table 3). Almost fully substituted sorbitol can be obtained using 1 M NaOH//-PrOH solvent for 3 days. At DS = 5, the resulting product was soluble in apolar solvents such as petroleum ether [20]. 

Sorbitol is readily soluble in water, exhibiting a solubility of 2.56 g/mL H2O at 25°C [1]. It is practically insoluble in chloroform and ether and slightly soluble in methanol [1]. Solubilities in water, and in various ethanol / water mixtures, are given in Table 6. 

Sorbitol is stable in cold dilute acids and bases, but will form water soluble chelates with many divalent and trivalent metal ions in strongly aeidie and basic media. Solutions of sorbitol will react with iron oxide... 

Various studies of sorbitol in solution formulations have been reported [44-48]. Sorbitol is readily soluble and compatible with alcohol, syrup, and other polyols. It can be used with sugar solutions and artificial sweeteners to improve body, mouth feel, and sweetness characteristics. It is used with glycerin or propylene glycol to alleviate undesirable tastes. 

Sorbitol and glycerine are commonly used as monomers for oxide addition. Various alkyl phenol-formaldehyde compounds are examples of polymeric acceptor compounds having a large number of unreacted hydroxyl groups. The extent of oxide polymerization can have a significant impact on performance and solubility of the dehazer or demulsifier in fuel and oil systems. 

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