Some Representative Organic Molecules

Perhaps the best way to appreciate the variety of organic molecules is to look at a few. Three simple organic compounds are methane, ethanol, and trichlorofluoromethane. 

Because more complicated organic compounds contain many carbon atoms, organic chemists have devised a shorthand to draw them. Keep in mind the following when examining these structures  

For example, in the six-membered ring drawn, there is one carbon atom at each comer of the 

Amoxicillin is one of the most widely used antibiotics in the penicillin family. The discovery and synthesis of such antibiotics in the twentieth century have made routine the treahnent of infections that were formerly fatal. You were likely given some amoxicillin to treat an ear infection when you were a child. The penicillin antibiotics are discussed in Chapter 22. 

Fluoxetine is the generic name for the antidepressant Prozac. Prozac was designed and synthesized by chemists in the laboratory, and is now produced on a large scale in chemical factories. Because it is safe and highly effective in treating depression, Prozac is widely prescribed. Over 40 million individuals worldwide have used Prozac since 1986. 

Three complex organic molecules that are important medications are amoxicillin, fluoxetine, and AZT. 

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What is organic chemistry Some representative organic molecules... 

Organic compounds can be rendered soluble in fluorous solvents by attaching them to highly fluorinated tags, and some representative fluorous molecules are shown in Figure 1. The tags are often long... 

FIGURE 15.2. Hydrogen bonding, represented by broken lines, in some simple organic molecules, (a) o-hydroxybenzaldehyde, (b) m-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and (c) acetic acid dimers. Note the hydrogen bonds in (a) and (c), but not in (b). 

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond A carbon-carbon double bond is both an important structural unit and an important func tional group m organic chemistry The shape of an organic molecule is influenced by the presence of this bond and the double bond is the site of most of the chemical reactions that alkenes undergo Some representative alkenes include isobutylene (an industrial chemical) a pmene (a fragrant liquid obtained from pine trees) md fame sene (a naturally occurring alkene with three double bonds)... 

Many organic molecules contain one or more rings SpartanBuild contains a small library of prebuilt structures representing some of the most common rings For example trans 1 4 diphenylcyclohexane can be constructed most easily using Benzene and Cyclo hexane rings... 

Numerous studies of properties of individual organic molecules of biological interest were reported recently. They dealt with molecules which represented fragments of proteins, biological membranes, and nucleic acids, drugs, and drug analogs. Some results will be discussed below. 

We define here Wlh and W2h theories, respectively, as the modifications of Wl theory for which AVnZ basis sets are only used on elements of groups V, VI, VII, and VIII, but regular VnZ basis sets on groups I, II, III, and IV. (The h stands for heteroatom , as we originally investigated this for organic molecules.) For the purpose of the present paper, we have repeated the validation calculations described in the previous section for Wlh and W2h theories. (For about half of the systems, Wl and Wlh are trivially equivalent.) Some representative results can be found in Table 2.1 for atomization energies/heats of formation, and in Table 2.2 for ionization potentials and electron affinities. 

The early patent disclosures have claimed the application of a wide spectrum of gas-evolving ingredients and phosphorus-based organic molecules as flame retarding additives in the electrolytes. Pyrocarbonates and phosphate esters were typical examples of such compounds. The former have a strong tendency to release CO2, which hopefully could serve as both flame suppressant and SEI formation additive, while the latter represent the major candidates that have been well-known to the polymer material and fireproofing industries.The electrochemical properties of these flame retardants in lithium ion environments were not described in these disclosures, but a close correlation was established between the low flammability and low reactivity toward metallic lithium electrodes for some of these compounds. Further research published later confirmed that any reduction of flammability almost always leads to an improvement in thermal stability on a graphitic anode or metal oxide cathode. 

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