Some Related Topics

In this section, we note several olliei reactions which are formally nucleophilic siihslilulions at carbon. Because they fall outside of the mechanistic pattern of the rest of this chapter, their inclusion has been postponed to litis point. 

Snlloxides having at least one electron-poor ai I group also undergo a facile reaction with Grignard reagents, which corresponds lo displacement ot 

An elimination-addition sequence may be responsible for the reaction in eq. (2.63) 11691. although (he presumed intermediate resulting from elimination is not detected, and no product corresponding to the alternative orientation of addition is isolated. It is also possible that the mechanism is the same as that for or-halokelones (Section 2.5.3), namely addition to the carhonyl followed by rearrangement with expulsion of the leaving group. 

The Skv I radical chain mechanism lor nucleophilic substitution [I70. as illustrated generally in eqs (2.64a-c), has been absent from our discussions. This mechanism has been shown to occur itt malty displacement reactions of leaving groups front both aromatic and aliphatic substrates. I low ever, in most of the aliphatic eases the substrates have a nitro or nilrophcnyl group (or other effective electron acceptor) in the a-position to the leaving group. The combination of I he nucleophile with the radical from the substrate must also lot m a relatively stable radical-anion in step 2.6lb. which is capable of propagating the chain 

Wakchekl. ()i -anonnivnc.siinn Mctluxh in Or vunii Synihcsi. Academic. London. 1995. Guip S. 

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Chapter 1 expands on the above introduced concept of "configurations which are equivalent with respect to a permutation group". General rules are established and some related topics are mentioned. 

C. Some Related Topics Reactivity Indices in Many-Electron Theory... 

Books on computational chemistry and some related topics, in alphabetical order of the author s (or first-listed author s) name. The terse characterization of a particular book is a personal impression, and does not necessarily imply that it does not share the virtues ascribed to some other book. The list does not claim to by any means include all the good books on computational chemistry. 

To limit the scope of this review and to reduce overlap with other reviews, some related topics will only be discussed briefly. The addition of salts can affect both the rate and the course of solvolytic reactions and provides very important evidence for ion-pair intermediates. A full discussion of this topic has been published recently (Raber etal., 1974) additional comments are given onpp. 27,32. Also, we have generally excluded solvolyses known to proceed by competitive nucleophilically solvent-assisted and anchimerically assisted pathways. These solvolyses are very common (e.g. even n-propyl tosylate yields 87% of rearranged product during trifluoroacetolysis Reich et al., 1969), but a detailed account has been published recently (Harris, 1974). Recognition that solvolytic reactions could proceed by these two competitive, assisted pathways provided the key to the solution of the controversial phenonium ion problem (Lancelot et al., 1972 Brown et al., 1970), as well as inspiring the reinvestigation of the mechanisms of solvolyses of simple secondary substrates discussed in Section 2. 

Over the last few years, membrane development has intensified and numerous new developments have been reported [10]. This increase in the interest in novel proton-conducting membranes for fuel cell applications has resulted in several studies and review publications on the overall subject and also on some related topics (e.g., nonfluorinated membranes). The content of these reviews has been used and is cited in the appropriate sections. 

Theory of Retraction Method and Some Related Topics... 

It s time now to think about hypervalent compounds. You have encountered a few of them already, as products of A reactions and as intermediates in SN2-Si mechanisms. But what is special about such compounds Is the term hypervalent synonymous with higher-valent (No.) To better understand these issues, we ll take a step back in Section 1.24 and remind ourselves what the term valence exactly means and how it differs from related concepts such as coordination number (CN), FC, and oxidation state (OS). Confusion between these terms and incorrect usage are widespread in both textbooks and the research literature. From there we ll proceed on to some related topics such as an elementary molecular orbital description of hypervalent bonding (Section 1.25). We ll conclude this chapter with a brief discussion of the inert pair effect, an important aspect of the variable valence of the heaviest (sixth-period) p-block elements. 

Ricciardi, L. M. (1977). Diffusion processes and some related topics in biology. Lect. 

D. M. Sadler, Studies on the Surface of Solution Grown Polyethylene Crystals and Some Related Topics, PhD dissertation. University of Bristol, 1969. 

Finally, some related topics for future research activity were identified. In fact, this is an ongoing study and there is still room for improvement. For this reason, future developments of this model are being planned, in order to refine what was outlined in this first phases and further investigate a topical... 

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