Some philosophy

Second, the emphasis on empirical modeling leads to chemometrics being a highly interfacial discipline, in that specific tools are often developed with specihc applications already in mind. For example, specific chemometric tools have been developed to align retention time axes in chromatograms [20] and to preprocess diffuse reflectance data [21]. In contrast, other disciplines, such as statistics, are associated with well-defined stand-alone tools (ANOVA, f-test, etc.) that can be applied to a wide array of different applications. One consequence of this interfacial property of chemometrics is that one must often sift through a very large toolbox of application-specific tools in order to find one that suits a particular application. 

Finally, the highly-empirical and practical nature of chemometrics leads many outside the field to conclude that chemometrics practitioners do not understand the modeling tools they use, or the models that they develop- thus potentially leading to disastrous results. Although this perception might be accurate for many users, it need not be true for all users. This leads to the mission of this chapter to enable users to better understand, and thus more effectively implement, chemometrics in process analytical applications. 

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Model quality needs to be evaluated and communicated to interested parties in a structured way in order to ensure acceptance and usefulness. The MEG advises a stmcture consisting of three elements assessment, verification, and vahdation (EC, 1994b). In this chapter, we adopt the terminology as suggested by the MEG protocol, i.e., model evaluation includes the whole review of any model with respeet to proper scientific formulation (assessment), eorreet eoding (verifieation), and comparison with experimental data (validation). These stages are defined in Table 19.1. We are aware that other terms are sometimes used and that there is some philosophieal criticism of the use of the term validation. 

In engineering, design is the main activity in the forms of various sketches, drawings, plans and it depends on the description of thought system, which includes some philosophy,... 

And so they lived on, these two denizens who, towards the end of our poem, peeped out unexpectedly from their quiet retreat as from a window, to reply modestly to the accusation levelled against them by certain ardent patriots, until then peacefully immersed in some philosophy or some form of profitable enterprise at the expense of the finances of their beloved country, their thoughts... 

The philosophy in the pinch design method was to start the design where it was most constrained. If the design is pinched, the problem is most constrained at the pinch. If there is no pinch, where is the design most constrained Figure 16.9a shows a threshold problem that requires no hot utility, just cold utility. The most constrained part of this problem is the no-utility end. Tips is where temperature differences are smallest, and there may be constraints, as shown in Fig. 16.96, where the target temperatures on some of the cold... 

Control philosophies for clarifiers are based on the idea that the overflow is the most important performance criterion. Underflow density or suspended sohds content is a consideration, as is optimal use of flocculation and pH control reagents. Automated controls are of three basic types (I) control loops that optimize coagulant, flocculant, and pH control reagent additions (2) those that regulate underflow removal and (3) rake drive controls. Equahzation of the feed is provided in some installations, but the clarifier feed is usually not a controlled variable with respect to the clarifier operation. 

The options themselves invoke different controls and philosophies. The main techniques may be categorized according to whether they deal with the nutrients directly, or whether they interfere with the physical growth environment, or whether they invoke some form of biological remediation. 

There is a wide spectrum of philosophies regarding the level of participation required from the client. Some clients choose to remain at arm s length from the toll operation in an effort to establish a distinct separation of responsibilities. Such clients may audit the toller s HS E program on a periodic basis and do little else. 

Some users/consultants, however, are of the opinion that by this method the other phases are not subjected to the same severity. Accordingly, they prefer to consider the phase that is subjected to the least fault current as the base. Accordingly, the test duration should be adjusted for this phase. In the above case, the minimum severity has occurred in phase R, with only 39.6 kA. According to this philosophy the test duration should be enhanced to... 

The solution that has been adopted by makers of composite soundboards is to fabricate a sandwich structure where a layer of high-quality cardboard is glued between two identical layers of CFRP (Fig. 28.22). The philosophy of this design modification is to replace some CFRP by a much lighter material in those regions that contribute least to the overall stiffness of the section. 

The minimum level of capability set by Motorola in their Six Sigma quality philosophy is Cp = 2 which equates to 0.002ppm failures. Some companies set a... 

Theoretical work or compressor head is the heart and substance of compressor design. Some basic form of understanding must be devel oped even if involvement with compressors is less than that of design of the machine itself. Proper applications cannot be made if this understanding is absent. The following theoretical evaluations will be abbreviated as much as possible to reduce the length and still present the philosophy. For the reader with the ambition and desire, the presentation will be an outline to which the reader can fill in the spaces. 

The vibration equipment available is probably best approached by discussing the basic sensors and what they do or don t do. Because monitors now run from A to Z, the reader can obtain vendor literature or dig into tlie multitude of papers and articles on the monitoring, hardware, software, and, in some cases, philosophy of instrumentation. 

What I have attempted to bring to this volume is some of my own philosophy in dealing with water treatment projects. As such, each chapter tries to embrace the individual subject area from a first-principles standpoint, and then explore case-... 

Section 7.8 is on design philosophy for composite structures to explore some relatively simple and practical approaches to achieve an... 

To promote uniformity in area classifications for oil and gas drilling and producing facilities, the American Petroleum Institute developed RP 500, Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electri cal Installations at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class 1, Division 1. and Division 2. Figures 17-4 to 17-14 show some common recommended classifications surrounding common production facility equipment as given in RP 500. API RP 500 also provides valuable tutorial information on the philosophies of area classification and the reader is encouraged to become familiar with this publication. 

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