Some Other Experimental Results

10 Some Other Experimental Results The structural temperature, T, of an electrolyte solution at a given actual temperature T is that temperature, at which pure water would have effectively the same inherent structure. Structural temperatures of electrolyte solutions are, however, only defined in terms of the method used for their determination. 

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The mean field Cahn-Hilliard approach (Eq. 7) describes the intrinsic profile ( >(z) about the internal interface between two coexisting phases. It involves only one dimension, i.e., depth z, as a lateral homogeneity is assumed [7]. Capillary wave excitations may however cause lateral fluctuations of the depth Ie(x,y) at which the internal interface is locally positioned. As a result the effective interfacial width may be broadened beyond its intrinsic value (Eqs. 10 and 12). The mean field theory predicts the temperature dependence of the intrinsic width in a good agreement with experimental data presented here and reported by others (e.g., [76,89] reanalyzed by [88] or [96,129]). Some other experimental results [95,97,98] indicate the width larger than its intrinsic value... 

The very fast internal movement of native CyDs and of most of their derivatives, leading to the observation of averaged structures by most experimental techniques, is frequently overlooked. In addition to the temperature-dependent process of selfinclusion of substituent(s) [104-107], we were able to find only two studies of substituted CyDs in which movement of the macrocydes was at least partly frozen [104, 108]. Some other experimental results proving CyD flexibility using NMR... 

We note, that our theoretical prediction about ferroelectricity strengthening in the cylindrical nanoparticles found the confirmation in some other experimental results obtained in PbZro.52Tio.48O3 nanorods with diameter smaller than 10-20 nm and in single crystal nanowires of PbZro.2Tio.8O3 having the elliptical cross-section with diameters 70 and 180 nm [43,44]. 

Experimental results from Chen (1968), Holtz (1971), and Holtz and Singer (1968, 1969) more or less confirmed the validity of Holtz s maximum boiling suppression theory, while some other experimental studies by Deane and Rohsenow (1969), Schultheiss and Smidt (1969) and Kottowski and Grass (1970) did not confirm. This disagreement of experimental results was explained by Dwyer (1976), along with the details of all the experiments. 

Some novel experimental results are in contradiction to the hypothesis of a stereochemical structure-activity relationship. Two research groups (Corey et al., Tacke, Wannagat et al.) are working independently from each other on silicon containing tricyclic compounds with potential psychotropic activity, to bring some light to this dilemma. 

An article entitled "Metallurgical Analysis might be expected to be broad in treatment, but actually it was a description of a method for the simultaneous specti ophotometric determination of chromium and manganese in steel. The reader will be left to guess what was included in two articles, one entitled "Chemical Affinity and the other "Experimental Results for Some Molecules. ... 

Randolph s tests with alkaline phosphatase were carried out in a stirred autoclave. An amount of the disodium salt and some water, which is required for the enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis, were placed in the autoclave along with a sealed glass ampule containing the enzyme. In this case water is necessary not just to render the enzyme active, as Klibanov found, but also to serve as a reactant in the hydrolysis. Carbon dioxide was admitted, the temperature and pressure adjusted to the level desired, and the sealed ampule shattered to expose the enzyme and to mark the zero point of the reaction sequence. In their studies they investigated the effects of changing the relative amount of enzyme on the rate of conversion of the disodium salt of p-nitrophenyl phosphoric acid to p-nitrophenol. They measured the amount of conversion by UV analysis of the solution removed from the autoclave at the end of a reaction test. The results are shown in Figure 11.1 based upon these results and other experimental results, the authors concluded that the rate-determining step of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction was the dissolution of disodium p-nitrophenyl phosphate in supercritical carbon dioxide. 

Some of the earliest potentials computed by the SRS variant of SAPT were for Ar-H2 [149] and for He-HF [150,151]. An application of the latter potential in a calculation of differential scattering cross sections [152] and comparison with experiment shows that this potential is very accurate, also in the repulsive region. Some other SAPT results are for Ar-HF [153], Ne-HCN [154], CO2 dimer [155], and for the water dimer [129,156]. The accuracy of the water pair potential was tested [130,131] by a calculation of the various tunnehng splittings caused by hydrogen bond rearrangement processes in the water dimer and comparison with high resolution spectroscopic data [132,133]. Other complexes studied are He-CO [157,158], and Ne-CO [159]. The pair potentials of He-CO and Ne-CO were applied in calculations of the rotationally resolved infrared spectra of these complexes measured in Refs. [160,161]. They were employed [162-165] in theoretical and experimental studies of the state-to-state rotationally inelastic He-CO and Ne-CO collision cross sections and rate constants. It was reaffirmed that both potentials are accurate, especially the one for He-CO. 

Some of the values in this table were determined indirectly from other experimental results, since some of the hypothetical electrodes, e.g.,... 

The differential method has also been used to determine deuterium isotope effects in the formation of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of acetophenone-mef l-dg and other deuterated ketones (Baaen et ah, 1964), using carbon-14 as the tracer. The procedure requires that the isotope effects caused by the carbon-14 itself be known, and these were determined in separate experiments. Known mixtures of deuterated and undeuterated species were then prepared—one of which was always labeled with carbon-14— and the rate of change of carbon-14 content as a function of fraction of reaction was determined by removing small aliquots of reaction product at selected known intervals (or fractions f) of reaction. The data were then fitted to equations (35) or (36) by means of linear or non-linear least-squares codes, respectively, with an IBM 7090 computer. Some typical experimental results are given in Table 7. 

A significant hysteresis loop, ranging up to the veiy low pressures (Fig. 5.26) is the other experimental result which seems to proof the Feldman hypothesis. These shape of adsorption and desorption curves, resembling that occurring in case of some clay minerals (vermiculite) and the paste, indicates the reversible introducing of water into the stracture of solid phase. The increase of interplanar spaces in clay minerals is in this case frequently observed. 

Most of the information pertaining to the atomic scale structure of amorphous solids has come from diffraction experiments. The first part of this section will therefore be devoted to some general concepts, procedures and experimental results of diffraction studies on amorphous materials. In the second part we will discuss some other experimental means able to shed light on the difficulties associated with structural investigations in amorphous solids. 

Experimental results regarding flow across the fiber tows are presented in Refs. 28 and 79. Parnas et al. [28] present experimental results for flow along the fiber tows. In their work, the formation of voids was not related to the dual-scale nature of the porous media, but to defects on the fiber tow surface. Other experimental results are also presented in some of the references from the previous paragraph. Usually, satisfactory agreement of the theoretical predictions with the experimental results is concluded by the authors, suggesting that capillarity might be neglected. 

Cyclic voltammogram of SnO anode indicates that only one irreversible reduction peak (1.0-0.35 V vs Li/Li ) is detected in the first cycle (Figures 8 and 9). So it is difficult to recognize which reaction occurs before the other, the replacement reaction or the electrolyte decomposition reaction, based on these results. Some other experimental methods are necessary for an accurate answer to this interesting question. 

Some liquids are practically immiscible e.g., water and mercury), whilst others e.g., water and ethyl alcohol or acetone) mix with one another in all proportions. Many examples are known, however, in which the liquids are partially miscible with one another. If, for example, water be added to ether or if ether be added to water and the mixture shaken, solution will take place up to a certain point beyond this point further addition of water on the one hand, or of ether on the other, will result in the formation of two liquid layers, one consisting of a saturated solution of water in ether and the other a saturated solution of ether in water. Two such mutually saturated solutions in equilibrium at a particular temperature are called conjugate solutions. It must be mentioned that there is no essential theoretical difference between liquids of partial and complete miscibility for, as wdll be shown below, the one may pass into the other with change of experimental conditions, such as temperature and, less frequently, of pressure. 

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