Some additional questions

An additional consideration that may influence the protocol used is the desired duration of subsequent expression of the gene product. In most cases of genetic disease, long-term expression of the inserted gene would be required. In other instances (e.g. some forms of cancer therapy or the use of gene therapy to deliver a DNA-based vaccine), short-term expression of the gene introduced would be sufficient/desirable. 

CH14 NUCLEIC-ACID- AND CELL-BASED THERAPEUTICS 

The choice of target cells is another point worthy of discussion. In some instances, this choice is predetermined, e.g. treatment of the genetic condition, familial hypercholesterolaemia, would require insertion of the gene coding for the low-density lipoprotein receptor specifically in hepatocytes. 

Several cell types, including keratinocytes, myoblasts and fibroblasts, have been studied in this regard. It has been shown, for example, that myoblasts, into which the factor IX gene and the growth hormone gene have been introduced, could express their protein products and secrete them into the circulation. 

A list of the various vectors capable of introducing genes into recipient cells has been provided in Table 11.2. These vectors are conveniently categorized as being viral-based or non-viral-based systems. The main vector systems developed thus far are discussed in somewhat more detail below. 

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In the previous Chapter, a definition of a precursor was given. However, in practice whilst processing the deviation data some additional questions arose which impacted on this definition. These questions were ... 

P 14.2 Some Additional Questions Concerning the Bioremediation of Contaminated Aquifers... 

Some additional questions that could be asked with this experimental setup are as follows ... 

Here are some additional questions for you to ponder. What would Figure 2.2 look like if the moon were replaced by the sun You should be able to determine this using the program codes provided in Appendix 1. The necessary astronomical constants are ... 

These two principles specifically address the substances to be used and produced in green chemistry. Just from these principles, some additional questions arise ... 

If you know the answers to questions like these, you can determine where to focus your recruiting campaign. Some additional questions you should consider include ... 

These questions may be pertinent to every chapter in this book. For this chapter specifically, some additional questions arise What does radical-mediated mean Can a radical hydrogen-atom abstraction meet the requirements of C—H activation Does it depend on the particular mechanism of the reaction, the C—H BDE, or the timing of the radical abstraction step How can a researcher be sure that absolutely no transition metals are present and active during the reaction What if a transition metal is an additive, but only serves as an electron shuttle and does not specifically cleave to or react with the C—H bond ... 

As described earlier, the interview included some additional questions about the child s history and practice of solvent abuse which were not asked on the self-completed screening questionnaire. Table 20 shows when the cases had first sniffed solvents and how recently they had done so. Just over half of them had first sniffed during the 12 months preceding the interview and a similar proportion had last sniffed during the preceding six months. Eight of the 103 cases on whom data were obtained had sniffed during the week prior to interview. 

After having finished CPC assessment, the system asks the reporter some additional questions for clarifying the context of incident. The system then lists up the candidate factors that may have caused the incident. This judgment is made based on the result of CPC assessment, and the task steps with unfavorable CPC scores are focused on. 

The guidelines presented are simplified and may not be sufficient for all applications. This does not mean that an axial cannot be used, because the vendors can perform a much more complex analysis and change factors that this simplified method chose to hold constant. Undoing some of these values is probably beyond the scope of most of the users. The best way to interpret a potential application is that an extra measure of care might be exercised when going out for bid. This can generate additional questions concerning the vendor s proposal. 

A book about ionic liquids Over three hundred pages Why Who needs it Why bother These aren t simply rhetorical questions, but important ones of a nature that must be addressed whenever considering the publication of any new book. In the case of this one, as two other books about ionic liquids will appear in 2002, the additional question of differentiation arises - how is this distinctive from the other two All are multi-author works, and some of the authors have contributed to all three books. 

Nevertheless, despite all these remarkable achievements, some open questions still remain. Among them is the influence of the molecular transport properties, in particular Lewis number effects, on the structure of turbulent premixed flames. Additional work is also needed to quantify the flame-generated turbulence phenomena and its relationship with the Darrieus-Landau instability. Another question is what are exactly the conditions for turbulent scalar transport to occur in a coimter-gradient mode Finally, is it realistic to expect that a turbulent premixed flame reaches an asymptotic steady-state of propagation, and if so, is it possible, in the future, to devise an experiment demonstrating it ... 

The question that arises next is how automated laboratory methods can be applied in and/or should be adapted to plant control. In principle those methods can be devoted to this role191 193 provided that some additional field effects (see Table 5.1) are taken into account, viz., special sampling and measuring requirements we shall confine ourselves to these aspects and not consider extra safety measures against hazards such as contact explosions in plants. 

They must be safe. Illness is likely to result if consumers ingest too much of them, like contaminants (see Watson, 2001). Therefore numerical limits are set for many additives in EU law. Consumers can also become ill if some additives are not used. For example preservatives such as nitrite have to be biologically-active to work. The question is are they biologically-active against us A lot of scientific work had to be done before many preservatives were allowed for use in the European Community (now the EU). Preservatives were one of the first groups of additives to have their levels controlled in food so that consumers did not consume unsafe amounts of them. 

The second experience concerns the diluting air. It was found that the present odour emission per pig was 2-3 times higher than before. It was felt that this might be related to the nature of the diluting air. As mentioned, a cylinder with compressed air medical grade was used in the first pig house research. In the present research well filtered air from a compressor was applied. In order to solve this question some additional measurements were performed using both types of diluting air. Odour samples were obtained pig houses. The outcome shows lower odour levels in case of the application of medical air. 

Final question how big are the nucleic acids How many nucleotide units do we typically find in DNA or RNA The answer is enormously variable. There are small RNA molecules that contain 25 or fewer nucleotides there are also RNA molecules that contain thousands of nucleotides. But for really, really big molecules, we turn to DNA, which may have tens of thousands of nucleotides linked together Specific examples follow below but we need some additional insights first. 

An additional question related to the nervous system effects of caffeine is what happens when you stop drinking caffeine Do you get a headache If the answer is yes then you are dependent on the drug caffeine. Some of your caffeine consumption is driven by a desire to avoid a caffeine-induced headache. 

Modern technology has been quite successful in developing tailor-made chemicals to cope with specific problems. However, this effort has also introduced some additional problems since manufacturing and handling experience is frequently inadequate to properly answer questions of hazard. Some way is needed to distinguish hazardous from nonhazardous chemicals, and to establish a measure of the extent of hazard As technology solves the questions it encounters, new compositions of matter are formulated. These formulations are compounded of two or more chemicals, each of which may present no special hazard but, once mixed, may... 

After you ve solved an equation for the value of the variable, then you either have the answer directly or you may have to do some additional steps to completely answer the question that s been posed. 

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