Soman intoxication

EFFICACY OF PRETREATMENT AND TREATMENT AGAINST SOMAN INTOXICATION... 

Post-intoxication incapacitation The post-intoxication incapacitation was measured immediately after most symptoms disappeared, 24 hours, and one week after the intoxication. However, one day after soman intoxication no animals from the PYR group were available. Since the un-pretreated animals all died very shortly after soman no post-intoxication incapacitation was tested in these animals. The shuttle-box performance declined after soman intoxication with approximately 60% in all animals pretreated with PHY and SCO or PC. This decrease of performance was significant in the groups treated with a post-intoxication therapy (not... 

The efficacy of the PYR against soman intoxication was compared with PHY combined with SCO or with PC combined with a postintoxication therapy. The efficacy was tested on mortality, symptomatology, and incapacitation. There were no big differences in the symptomatology between animals pretreated with PHY+SCO or with PYR. On the other hand, animals pretreated with PHY+PC did not show convulsive activity as was found in the other groups. In some cases the post-intoxication therapy was even not necessary. Although the... 

Wall, H.G., N.K. Jaax and I.J. Hayward. 1990. Motor activity and brain lesions in soman intoxicated rhesus monkeys. Proc. of the Workshop on Convulsions and Related Brain Damage Induced by Organophosphorous Agents, ADA222912, Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, pp. 21-29. (cited in Baze, 1993)... 

Meshulam, Y., Davidovici, R., Wengier, A., Levy, A. (1995). Prophylactic transdermal treatment with physiostigmine and scopoloamine against soman intoxication in guinea-pigs. J. Appl. Toxicol. 15 263-6. 

Filliat, P., Baubichon, D., Burckhart, M.F., Pemot-Marino, L, Foquin, A., Masqueliez, C., Perrichon, C., Carpentier, P., Lallement, G. (1999). Memory impairment after soman intoxication in rat correlation with central neuropathology. Improvement with anticholinergic and antiglutamatergic therapeutics. Neurotoxicology 20 535-49. 

Fosbraey, P., Wetherell, J.R., French, M.C. (1990). Neurotransmitter changes in guinea-pig brain regions following soman intoxication. J. Neurochem. 54 72-9. 

Gupta, R.C., Patterson, G.T., Dettbam, W-D. (1987). Biochemical and histochemical alterations following acute soman intoxication in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 87 397-407. 

Sevaljevic, L., Marinkovic, S., Bogojevic, D., Matic, S., Boskovic, B. (1989). Soman intoxication-induced changes in serum acute phase protein levels, corticosterone concentration and immunosuppressive potency of the serum. Arch. Toxicol. 63 406-11. 

Sevaljevic, L., Poznakovic, G., Ivanovic-Matic, S. (1992). The acute phase of rats to soman intoxication. Toxicology 75 1-12. 

Carpentier, P., Lamrinis, M., Blanche , G. (1991). Early dendritic changes in hippocampal pyramidal neurons (field CAl) of rats subjected to acute soman intoxication - a light microscopic study. Brain Res. 541 293-9. 

De Groot, D.M., Bierman, E.P., Bruijnzeel, P.L., Carpentier, P., Kulig, B.M., Lallement, G. et al. (2001). Beneficial effects of TCP on soman intoxication in guinea pigs seizures, brain damage and learning behaviour. J. Appl. Toxicol. 21 S57-65. 

Philippens, I.H.C.H.M., Melchers, B.P.C., DeGroot, D.M.G., Wolthius, O.L. (1992). Behavioral performance, brain histology, and EEG sequela after immediate combined atro-pine/diazepam treatment of soman-intoxicated rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 42 711-19. 

Wolthuis, O.L., Vanwersch, R.A., Van Helden, H.P. (1986). Residual behavioral incapacitation after therapy of soman intoxication the effect of a soman simulator. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 8 127-30. 

Von Bredow, J.D., Adams, N.L., Groff, W.A., Vick, J.A. (1991). Effectiveness of oral pyridostigmine pretreatment and cholinol dic-oxime therapy against soman intoxication in nonhuman primates. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 17 761-70. 

Some interesting results on soman toxicity, thyroid deficiency, and plasma CarbE were reported by Swisher et al. (1986). They observed reduced effect of soman intoxication in hypothyroid rats with respect to both seizure aetivity and lethality. The resistanee to soman was ascribed to inereased binding of soman to plasma proteins, since both ChE and CarbE (tributyrinase) of plasma displayed nearly two-fold higher activity in hypothyroid than euthyroid rats. The latter result inspired us to investigate hypothyroid rats with respeet to possible parallel eoregulation of CarbE and ChE in plasma and liver. Plasma ChE is undoubtedly synthesized in liver (Augustinsson, 1948 Koelle, 1963) and the ChE aetivity in rat plasma as well as liver is known to differ between males and females (Leeuwin, 1966 Edwards... 

Swisher, J.W., Doebler, J.A., Anthony, A. (1986). Soman intoxication in h q)othyroid rats alterations in brain neuronal RNA, acetylcholinesterase and survival. Neurochem. Int. 8 23-9. 

Kronman, C., Cohen, O., Raveh, L., Mazor, O., Ordentlich, A., Shafferman, A. (2007). Polyethylene-glycol conjugated recomhinant human acetylcholinesterase serves as an efficacious hioscavenger against soman intoxication. Toxicology 233 40-6. 

Wslthuis. O.L. et al. (1994) Search for a therapy against soman-intoxication. Neumsci. Blobehav. Rev., 18.469-486. 

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