Organophosphorous agent

Wall, H.G., N.K. Jaax and I.J. Hayward. 1990. Motor activity and brain lesions in soman intoxicated rhesus monkeys. Proc. of the Workshop on Convulsions and Related Brain Damage Induced by Organophosphorous Agents, ADA222912, Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, pp. 21-29. (cited in Baze, 1993)... 

Wang, Y. Resistance to organophosphorous agent toxicity in transgenic mice expressing G117H mutant of human butyrylcholinesetrase, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 196, 356, 2004. 

Baskin, S. 1., and Whitmer, M. P. (1991). The cardiac toxicolology of organophosphorous agents. In Principles of Cardiac Tojciciilogy (S. I. Baskin, Ed ). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

A. Nerve agents include GA (Tabun), GB (Sarin), GD (Soman), GF, and VX. These potent organophosphorous agents cause inhibition of aoetyl-cholinesterase and subsequent excessive muscarinic and nicotinic stimulation (see p 291). 

Solberg, Y., and Belkin, M. (1997). The role of excitotoxieity in organophosphorous nerve agents central poisoning. Trends. Pharmacol. Set. 18(6), 183 -185. 

Hohnstedt, B. (1963). Structure-activity relationships of the organophosphorous anticholinesterase agents. In G.B. Keolle (Ed.) Chohnesterases and Antichohnesterase Agents. Handbuch der Experimentelle Phamacologie 15,428 85. 

Maynard, R.L. and Beswick, RW, (1992). Organophosphorous compounds as chemical warfare agents. In B. BaUantyne and T.C. Marrs (Eds.) Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates and Carbamates 373-385. 

Matousek, J. "On New Potential Supertoxic Lethal Organophosphorous Chemical Warfare Agents with Intermediary Volatility." In Proceedings of the CB Medical Treatment Symposium an Exploration of Present Capabilities and Future Requirements for Chemical and Biological Medical Treatment. Edgewood, MD Battelle Memorial Institute, 1994, pp. 5.3-5.5. 

Organophosphorous Compound Containing elements of phosphorous and carbon, the physiological effects of such a compound include inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. A number of pesticides including parathion and malathione, and virtually all nerve agents, are organophosphorous compounds. 

The potential use of foams has also been demonstrated for the decontamination of nerve agents [80]. In these applications, the detoxification of the nerve agent was carried out by immobilizing the enzyme organophosphorous acid anhydrase within either a fire fighting or blast-containment foam carrier. 

Sources for Table 1 include Kingery Allen s article on The Environmental Fate of Organophosphorous Nerve Agents, a Review which appeared in Toxilogical and Environmental Chemistry, V 47, pp 155-184, Overseas Publishers Association, Amsterdam, 1994... 

Atropine is often used for colds for temporarily draining the nasopharynx. Atropine is also used in combination with other drugs as an antidote for poisonous anticholinesterase agents such as organophosphorous insecticides and neuroparalytic gases, hi such situations, atropine removes or balances toxicities that are a result of a high concentration of acetylcholine. 

Many different types of chemicals were made and tested as possible chemical warfare agents in most advanced countries between 1939 and 1945 but all the information available suggests that the conclusions of Sartori, in his review of this subject, are correct and that the most important areas of chemical research were connected with organophosphorous compounds - nerve gases.7... 

A.l Chemical and Instrumental Verification of Organophosphorous Warfare Agents,... 

B.2 Identification of Degradation Products of Organophosphorous Warfare Agents, Helsinki, 1980. 

Katagi, M., Nishikawa, M., Tatsuno, M and Tsu-chihashi, H. Determination of the main hydrolysis products of organophosphorous nerve agents, methylphosphonic Acids, in human serum by indirect photometric detection ion chromatography, J. Chromatogr., B, 698, 81 (1997). 

Neurotransmitters are removed by translocation into vesicles or destroyed in enzyme-catalysed reactions. Acetylcholine must be removed from the synaptic cleft to permit repolarization and relaxation. A high affinity acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (the true or specific AChE) catalyses the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to acetate and choline. A plasma AChE (pseudo-AChE or non-specific AChE) also hydrolyses acetylcholine. A variety of plant-derived substances inhibit AChE and there is considerable interest in AChE inhibitors as potential therapies for cognition enhancement and for Alzheimer s disease. Organophosphorous compounds alkylate an active site serine on AChE and the AChE inhibition by this mechanism is the basis for the use of such compounds as insecticides (and unfortunately also as chemical warfare agents). Other synthetics with insecticidal and medical applications carbamoylate and thus inactivate AChE (Table 6.4). 

Willems, J.L. M. Nicaise and H.C. De Bisschop. 1984. Delayed neuropathy by the organophosphorous nerve agents soman and tabun. Arch. Toxicol. 55 76-77. (cited in Somani et al., 1992)... 

TABLE 6.1. Physical and chemical properties of organophosphorous nerve agents... 

Gordon, J.J., Inns, R.H., Johnson, M.K., Leadbeater, L., Maidment, M.P., Upshall, D.G., Cooper, G.H. et al. (1983). The delayed neuropathic effects of nerve agents and some other organophosphorous compounds. Arch. Toxicol. 52 71-82. 

T. A., Romano, J.A., Jr., Adler, M. et al. (2008). Novel medical countermeasure of organophosphorous intoxication connection to Alzheimer s disease and dementia. In Chemical Warfare Agents Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics (J.A. Romano, Jr., B.J. Lukey, H. Salem, eds), pp. 219-32. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

Young, R.A., Opresko, D.M., Watson, A.P., Ross, R.H., King, J., Choudhury, H. (1999). Deriving toxicity values for organophosphorous nerve agents. A position paper in support of the procedures and rationale for deriving oral RfDs for chemical warfare agents. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 5 589-634. 

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