Solvents, organic fused salt

Insoluble in organic and inorganic solvents except fused salts or fused caustic... 

Sodium hydride is insoluble in organic solvents but soluble in fused salt mixtures and fused hydroxides such as NaOH. It oxidizes in dry air and hydrolyzes rapidly in moist air. The pure material reacts violently with water ... 

Electroplating. When ionicaHy bonded molecules are dissolved in a solvent, some of the molecules dissociate into ions, whether the solvent is water, organic solvent, or a fused salt. A simple example is that of sulfuric acid or copper sulfate in water, giving... 

At present, ionic liquids, also known as room-temperature ionic liquids, nonaqueous ionic liquids, molten salts, liquid organic salts, and fused salts, are considered to be the new generation of solvents. In chemical abstracts, they can be found under the headings ionic liquid or liquids ionic. Publications on ionic liquids are increasing in number. 

There also is difficulty in accommodating fused-salt systems in a classification scheme designed primarily for organic solvents, because the dielectric constants are not comparable and the measures of solvent polarity appropriate to organic solvents are not generally useful in fused salts. Therefore, fused-salt systems are not discussed, nor are they included in the general classification scheme. 

The standard potentials of other metals, such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, aluminum, or titanium are so negative that these metals caimot be deposited from aqueous solutions. By choosing electrolytes which do not contain protons and strong complexing groups, it is possible to electrolytically deposit such metals which are not obtainable from aqueous electrolytes. Nonaqueous electrolytes may be either fused salts or solutions of metal compounds in organic or inorganic solvents. 

Successful processes for separating hafnium from zirconium take advantage of rather rare occurrences of substantial differences in solubilities of corresponding hafnium and zirconium compounds in water, organic solvents, fused salts, or liquid metals. 

White crystalline powder or silver needles decomposes at 420°C (788°F) without melting density 1.36 g/cm soluble in fused salt mixtures, fused caustic soda, and caustic potash insoluble in organic solvents reacts violently with water. 

Theobromine (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-dioxopurine) [83-67-0] M 180.2, m 337 (sublimes slowly at 290 and finally melts melts at 351 ), pKi -0.16, pK2 9.96. It crystallises from H2O. Its solubihty inH20 is 0.06% at 15 and 1.25% at 100 , and it is poorly soluble in organic solvents. It forms salts with heavy metals and is a diuretic, vasodilator and a cardiac stimulant. [Lister Purines Part 11, Fused Pyrimidines Brown Ed, Wiley-Interscience pp254-225 1971, ISBN 0-471-38205-1, Beilstein 26 H 457,26 I 135, 26II264,26 III/IV 2336.]... 

Ionic liquids are composed of ions and they are typically fused salts or molten oxides whose properties as a solvent for chemical processes differ from those of aqueous and organic solvents, such as the electrochemical reduction of aluminum from alumina that is impossible in aqueous solutions [1], Therefore, ionic liquids have great advantages because of their unique combination properties [1], among them small vapor pressure, which minimizes loss by volatilization and its environmental damage. Unfortunately, experimental data availability for these ionic liquids is still hmited [2,3] because of their relatively recent study for the huge amount of ion combination possibilities. 

Research in lithium batteries began in 1912 under GJS[. Lewis, but the breakthrough came in 1958 when Harris noticed the stabihty of Li-metal in a number of nonaqueous (aprotic) electrolytes such as fused salts, hquid SO2, or hthium salt into an organic solvent such as LiC104 in propylene carbonate (C4H6O3). The formation of a passivation layer that prevents the direct chemical reactimi between hthium metal and the electrolyte but stih allows for ionic transport is at the origin of the stabihty of hthium batteries [17]. 

For solvent extraction of pentavalent vanadium as a decavanadate anion, the leach solution is acidified to ca pH 3 by addition of sulfuric acid. Vanadium is extracted in about four countercurrent mixer—settler stages by a 3—5 wt % solution of a tertiary alkyl amine in kerosene. The organic solvent is stripped by a soda-ash or ammonium hydroxide solution, and addition of ammoniacal salts to the rich vanadium strip Hquor yields ammonium metavanadate. A small part of the metavanadate is marketed in that form and some is decomposed at a carefully controlled low temperature to make air-dried or fine granular pentoxide, but most is converted to fused pentoxide by thermal decomposition at ca 450°C, melting at 900°C, then chilling and flaking. 

Lithium. Several processes for lithium [7439-93-2], Li, metal production have been developed. The Downs cell with LiCl—KCl electrolyte produces lithium ia much the same manner as sodium is produced. Lithium metal or lithium—aluminum alloy can be produced from a mixture of fused chloride salts (108). Granular Li metal has been produced electrochemically from lithium salts ia organic solvents (109) (see LiTHlUM AND LITHIUM compounds). 

Electroplated coatings (Section 12.1) Aluminium can be electroplated from molten salts or organic solvents. It can be plated on to other metals from fused aluminium chloride melts, e.g. 75[Pg.467]

Normal glass will only transmit radiation between about 350 nm and 3 /rm and, as a result, its use is restricted to the visible and near infrared regions of the spectrum. Materials suitable for the ultraviolet region include quartz and fused silica (Figure 2.28). The choice of materials for use in the infrared region presents some problems and most are alkali metal halides or alkaline earth metal halides, which are soft and susceptible to attack by water, e.g. rock salt and potassium bromide. Samples are often dissolved in suitable organic solvents, e.g. carbon tetrachloride or carbon disulphide, but when this is not possible or convenient, a mixture of the solid sample with potassium bromide is prepared and pressed into a disc-shaped pellet which is placed in the light path. 

Another variation of the synthesis of biguanides utilising the condensation of cyano-compoimds and amines is the reaction of dicyanimide and two moles of amine (457, 465, 581, 582). In practice (457) a dicyanimide metal salt is fused, or heated in water or in an organic solvent with an amine salt, preferably between 90 and 130°. Condensation may also be effected using free dicyanimide in aqueous acid media (581). 

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