Solvent extraction processes for

Battery breaking technologies use wet classification to separate the components of cmshed batteries. Before cmshing, the sulfuric acid is drained from the batteries. The sulfuric acid is collected and stored for use at a later stage in the process, or it may be upgraded by a solvent extraction process for reuse in battery acid. 

Selectivity for a single metal of a group is the basis of a solvent extraction process for the recovery of copper (qv) from low concentration ore leach solutions containing high levels of iron (qv) and other interfering metals (16). 

AMAR A solvent extraction process for recovering copper. Used in approximately 50 installations worldwide in 1993. 

Clanex A solvent extraction process for converting solutions of the nitrates of actinides and lanthanides into their corresponding chlorides. The extractant is a solution of an aliphatic amine in diethylbenzene. 

EXOL N Also called EXOL N Extraction. A solvent extraction process for purifying feedstocks for making lubricating oil. The solvent is N-methyl pyrrolidone. Developed and licensed by Exxon Research Engineering Compary. Seventeen units had been installed by 1994. 

The initial requirement in the development of a solvent extraction process for the recovery or separation of metals from an aqueous solution is knowledge of the solution composition, pH, temperature, and flow rate. Both pH and temperature can be adjusted, within certain economic limits, before feeding to the solvent extraction circuit, but only in a few cases can the leaching or dissolution conditions be dictated by the extraction process. Consequently, no serious development work on the extraction process can be carried out before the leaching conditions or the type of feed solution are established. 

In the optimization of the solvent extraction process for the recovery of copper using LIX 64N, Robinson [77] described the eost funetion in terms of the sum of the operating and capital costs. The operating eosts were taken as resulting from losses of eopper and solvent ... 

Ritcey, G. M. Ashbrook, A. W. Lucas, B. H. Development of a solvent extraction process for the separation of cobalt from nickel, presented at the Annual AIME Meeting, San Francisco, 1972. CIM Bull., January 1975. 

Pure isomers are often used as starting products for fine chemicals (e.g., different drugs). The separation of isomers entails great difficulties because they often have boiling points differing by only a fraction of a degree and they have closely similar solubilities in many solvents. Solvent extraction processes for the separation of isomers, therefore, have to rely more on chemical reactions than on nonspecific physical interactions between the solute and the solvent. 

The use of solvent extraction as a unit process operation is common in the pesticide industry however, it is not widely practised for removing pollutants from waste effluents. Solvent extraction is most effectively applied to segregated process streams as a roughing treatment for removing priority pollutants such as phenols, cyanide, and volatile aromatics [7]. One pesticide plant used a full-scale solvent extraction process for removing 2,4-D from pesticide process wastewaters. As a result, 2,4-D was reduced by 98.9%, from 6710 mg/L to 74.3 mg/L. 

Figure I. Schematic of solvent extraction process for saline water conversion...

Brewer, K.N., Herbst, R.S., Gam, T. et al. 1996. A comparison of TRUEX and CMP solvent extraction processes for actinide removal from ICPP wastes. INEL-96/0094. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. 

Madic, C., Testard, F., Hudson, M J. et al. 2004. PARTNEW - New solvent extraction processes for minor actinides-final report. CEA-R-6066. 

Wood, D.J., Law, J.D. 1997. Evaluation of the SREX solvent extraction process for the removal of 90Sr and hazardous metals from acidic nuclear waste solution containing high concentrations of interfering alkali metal ions. Sep. Sci. Technol. 32 (1-4) 241-253. 

Madic, C., Testard, F., Hudson, M.J., Liljenzin, J.O., Christiansen, B., Ferrando, M., Facchini, A., Geist, A., Modolo, G., Gonzales-Espartero, A., De Mendoza, J. 2004. New solvent extraction processes for minor actinides (PARTNEW FIKW-CT-2000-00087), CEA-R-6066, France. 

Law, J.D., Herbst, R.S., Todd, T.A., Wood, D.J., Romanovskiy, V.N., Esimantovskiy, V.N., Smirnov, I.V., Babain, V.A., Zaitsev, B.N. 1999. Demonstration of a universal solvent extraction process for the separation of actinides, cesium and strontium from actual acidic tank waste at the Idaho National Engineering and Development Laboratory. Global 1999 Nuclear Technology - Bridging the Millennia, August-September, Jackson Hole, WY. 

Serrano-Purroy, D., Baron, P., Christiansen, B., Glatz, J.P., Madic, C., Malmbeck, R., Modolo, G. 2005. First demonstration of a centrifugal solvent extraction process for minor actinides from a concentrated spent fuel solution. Separation Science and Technology 45 157-162. 

M. A. Norato, M. H. Beasley, S. G. Campbell, A. D. Coleman, M. W. Geeting, J. W. Guthrie, C. W. Kennell, R. A. Pierce, R. C. Ryberg, D. D. Walker, J. D. Law and T. A. Todd, Demonstration of the caustic-side solvent extraction process for the removal of 137Cs from Savannah River Site high level waste, WSRC-MS-2001-00201 Report,... 

C. Madic, F. Testard, M. J. Hudson, J. O. Liljenzin, B. Christianson, M. Ferrando, A. Facchini, A. Geist, G. Modolo, A. Gonzalez Espartero, and J. de Mendoza. Nuclear science and technology partitioning New solvent extraction processes for minor actinides (partnew) contract no fikw-ct2000-00087. Technical report, 2003. 

The 3.3-cm Russian contactors were used to test a cobalt-dicarbollide-based solvent-extraction process for separating Cs, Sr, and the actinides from dissolved HLW (Law et al., 2001, Herbst et al., 2002). These contactors were designed and fabricated in Moscow, Russia, by the Research and Development Institute of Construction Technology (NIKIMT). They are operated at 2700 rpm and have a nominal throughput of 417 mL/min (25 L/h). Figure 10.25 shows the 26-stage 3.3-cm contactor bank used in these tests. A recent summary of this work is given by Romanovskiy et al. (2005). 

Herbst, R. S., J. D. Law, T. A. Todd, et al. 2002. Development and Testing of a Cobalt Dicarbollide Based Solvent Extraction Process for the Separation of Cesium and Strontium from Acidic Tank Waste. Sep. Sci. Technol., 37(8), 1807-1831. 

Leonard, R. A., C. Conner, M. W. Liberatore, et al. 1999. Evaluation of an Alkaline-Side Solvent Extraction Process for Cesium Removal from SRS Tank Waste Using Laboratory-Scale Centrifugal Contactors. Argonne National Laboratory Report ANL-99/14, Argonne, IL. 

Dietz, M. L. Horwitz, E. R Combining solvent extraction processes for actinide and fission product separations. In Science and Technology for Disposal of Radioactive Tank Waste, eds. W. W. Schulz and N. J. Lombardo, Plenum Press, New York, 1998, pp. 231-243. 

Bonnesen, P. V., Delmau, L. H., Haverlock, T. J., Levitskaia, T. G., Sachleben, R. A., Sloop, F. V., Jr., and Moyer, B. A. Science to Applications, Development of the Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction Process for Cesium Removal from Savannah River Waste, Proc. 9th Biennial Intemat. Conf. Nuclear and Hazardous Waste Management (Spectrum 2002), Aug. 4-8, 2002, Reno, Nevada. 

Birdwell, J. F., Jr., Counce, R. M., and Slater, C. O. Conceptual Design of a Simplified Skid-Mounted Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction Process for Removal of Cesium from Savannah River Site High-Level Waste, Report ORNL/TM-2004/59, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, May 2004. 

Galan, B., Castaneda, D. and Ortiz, I. (2008) Integration of ion exchange and non-dispersive solvent extraction processes for the separation and concentration of Cr(VI) from ground waters. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152, 795. 

FIGURE 2 Solvent extraction process for purification of phosphoric acid. 

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