Treating processes Solutizer

It is common practice to exclude from consideration as leaching the elution of surface-adsorbed solute. This process is treated instead as a special case of the reverse operation, adsorption. Also usually excluded is the washing of filter cakes, whether in situ or by reslurrying and refiltration. 

Chromatographic measurements discussed here are based on the evaluation of the effect of the concentration of the complexing agent (hetaeron) in the eluent on the retention factor of the eluite aS treated in Section VI. If the stoichiometry of the hetaeron-solute association process is 1 1. then Eq. (89) of Section VI can be used to calculate the retention factor. A more general expression is available for the scheme presented in Fig. 59. In view of the equilibria involved mass balance yields an expression for the retention factor as follows... 

In the water-flooding process, mixed emulsifiers are used. Soluble oils are used in various oil-well-treating processes, such as the treatment of water injection wells to improve water injectivity and to remove water blockage in producing wells. The same method is useful in different cleaning processes with oil wells. This is known to be effective since water-in-oil microemulsions are found in these mixtures, and with high viscosity. The micellar solution is composed essentially of hydrocarbon, aqueous phase, and surfactant sufficient to impart micellar solution characteristics to the emulsion. The hydrocarbon is crude oil or gasoline. Surfactants are alkyl aryl... 

This technology can treat both acidic and basic solutions. It has the ability to remove organics, inorganics, radionuclides, and heavy metals from contaminated aqueous streams and is capable of treating process wastes and mixed wastes as well. 

The advantages claimed for the process are reduced acid requirements, lower sludge loss, and lower clay requirements for finishing, as compared to the conventional method of acid-treating residual stocks in naphtha solution. This process of combined deasphalting and acid treating has been installed in two refineries. 

Our FTS Distllletion Unit includes three major features designed to reduce the energy requirements of this process to just 0.2 KW per litre of solution treated ... 

These compounds are obtained by treating Grignard s reagents with finely powdered selenium, when an addition compound results, which is decomposed by ice and hydrochloric acid and the arylselenomercaptan formed extracted as alkali salt from its ether solution, this salt then being condensed with sodium chloracetate in aqueous alcohol solution, the process being summarised as follows ... 

Another method of preparation is as follows 1 33 parts of fluorescein are dissolved in 5 parts of ether and treated with 25 parts of selenium chloride in the same solvent. A yellowish-red precipitate separates, and after long stirring at the ordinary temperature the ether is distilled off. The residue is stirred with water, the mixture filtered and the residue now dissolved in sodium hydroxide. After further filtration the filtrate is treated with hydrochloric acid, which precipitates seleno-fluorescei n. Further purification is effected by solution in alkali and reprecipitation. A reddish-brown powder is obtained, soluble with fluorescence in alcohol, but insoluble in water. In concentrated sulphuric acid it dissolves to give an orange solution. Its alkali salts are very soluble in wrater, giving red solutions. This process may also be applied to phthalins, which are obtained by the reduction of phthaleins and their halogen derivatives. If the selenium chloride is replaced by the oxychloride similar products are obtained.2 In place of the phthalins specified in the patents quoted, their O-acetyl compounds or O-acetyl compounds of the phthaleins may be used in indifferent solvents. The products are different from those obtained by the action of selenium on fluoresceins in aqueous alkali solutions.3... 

Several types of chemical sensitization can be identified in practice by the procedures used to obtain them in the manufacture of the emulsions and by their photographic consequences. The sensitivity of some emulsions can be increased further by treating the finished, coated emulsion with a sensitizing gas or solution. This process is termed hypersensitization. 

Solutizer-steam regenerative process a chemical treating process for extracting... 

The simplest type of ultrafiltration system is a batch unit, shown in Figure 6.17. In such a unit, a limited volume of feed solution is circulated through a module at a high flow rate. The process continues until the required separation is achieved, after which the concentrate solution is drained from the feed tank, and the unit is ready to treat a second batch of solution. Batch processes are particularly suited to the small-scale operations common in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Such systems can be adapted to continuous use but this requires automatic controls, which are expensive and can be unreliable. 

The example to be considered concerns the removal of CO2 from a natural gas stream free of H2S using an aqueous MEA-solution [98]. Amine gas treating processes follow a basic liquid-phase reaction system. All reactions are reversible however instantaneous (a proton transfer) and finite-rate reactions should be differentiated here again (cf. Section 9.5.2.1). 

In another process crude calcium acid phosphate is mixed with ammonium sulphate solution below 80° C., and the mixture concentrated and filtered, when (NH4)H2P04 crystallises. (NH4)2HP04 is made from ammonia, fumes of phosphoric acid and water.3 Or calcium phosphate is just dissolved in sulphuric acid, the calcium sulphate filtered off and the add solution treated with ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonium sulphate and phosphate form a good mixed fertiliser.4... 

Any ruthenium solution treated with HN03 can be suspected of having coordinated NO groups. Such complexes have proved very troublesome in the processing and... 

Other applications are found in powder technology. The cohesion in pellets formed out of dry powders can be improved by treating the powder with an appropriate polymer solution. This process is used on an enormous scale to prepare iron ore in a form suitable for blast furnaces, but also for the preparation of pharmaceutical specialty products. Polymers are applied at a large scale in paper-making where they help to strengthen the network of celluloslc fibres and to trap different kinds of particles in this network. The building of a network Is also the purpose of adding carbon black to rubber, which improves its resilience and abrasive resistance. 

Reverse osmosis membranes are characterized by an MWCO of -100 Da, and the process involves transmembrane pressures (TMP) of 10-50 bar (1000-5000 kPa), which are 5-10 times higher than those used in UF [11,36]. Unlike UF, the separation by RO is achieved not by the size of the solute but due to a pressure-driven solution-diffusion process [36]. Like UF membranes, RO membranes are uniquely stmctured films from synthetic organic polymers and consist of an ultrathin skin layer superimposed on a coarsely porous matrix [3]. The skin layer of the RO membrane is nonporous, which may be treated as a water-swollen gel, and water is transported across membrane by dissolving in this gel and diffusing to the low-pressure side... 

For the treatment of conventional, nonradioactive liquid waste the predicted lifetime of membranes is 4—5 years. The effective lifetime depends on the conditions in which the membrane is used the characteristics of solutions treated, pressure, and temperature. While selecting the membrane for radioactive waste processing, one has to remember about its resistance and... 

Macrodistribution. The ability of any wood preservative to control biodegradation is affected by the macrodistribution of the chemical within the wood product being protected. The macrodistribution of a preservative is influenced by three basic factors wood characteristics, treating process, and characteristics of the treating solution. Consideration of the principles of flow in wood and of the factors that influence the treatment of wood are covered in Chapters 3 and 4 14, 15). Suffice it to say that when the preservative has been distributed through the wood, fixation will occur either through chemical interaction between the preservative and the wood structure, between the preservative components themselves, or by physical deposition as a result of solvent loss. These fixation mechanisms are covered in the section on microdistribution. 

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