Solubility of triglycerides

Older biodiesel processes are essentially batchwise. The oil is submitted to transesterification in a stirred-tank reactor in the presence of a large amount of methanol, and base catalyst, mostly NaOH or KOH. An excess of methanol is necessary chiefly to ensure full solubility of triglyceride and keep the viscosity of the reaction mixture low, but also for shifting the chemical equilibrium. A minimum molar ratio methanoktriglyceride of 6 1 is generally accepted [16, 17, 29], The reaction... 

Most food oil-in-water emulsions do not show any Ostwald ripening for the simple reason that the solubility of triglyceride oil in water is negligible. Some plants, especially citrus fruits, contain essential oils, which consist for a considerable part of various terpenes, which are soluble in water. Emulsions of such oils, which are used as flavoring agents, can show distinct Ostwald ripening. 

Some of the solubility data given in this patent have already been discussed in Chapter 10. Friedrich has found that at conditions above 60 °C and 550 atm the solubility of triglycerides in CO2 rises dramatically. He shows that soy bean triglycerides become infinitely miscible above about 800 atm and 70 °C. Based upon these findings he proposes a process for extracting soy beans, cotton seed, and similar oil seeds, using CO2 at very high pressure with a minimum recycle. For example, solubility levels of 20 to 40% are reported at conditions of 6(X) atm and 70 °C. 

Mutual solubilities of triglycerides, 373 Mycelium lipids, 151 Mycobacterial infections, 528 Mycobacterial lipids, 156-59 Mycobacterium species, 5, 38-40,486 Mycolic acids, 17,157,158 Mycoplasma, 35,157 Mycosides, 40,159 Myctophiformes, 147 Myristic add, 1, 51,174,179, 351 see also Tetradecanoic acid 2-Myristodilaurin, melting points, 372 Myrosinase, 83 see also Rapeseed oil Mysid shrimp, 148,149... 

Figure 2. Solubility of triglycerides in SC-CO2 as a function of temperature and pressure.

The concept of zeolite action was tested in a particular reaction where the enzyme is exposed from the beginning to an acidic environment the esterification of geraniol with acetic acid catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B immobilized on zeolite NaA [219]. Lipases have been used for the hydrolysis of triglycerides and due to their ambivalent hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties they are effective biocatalysts for the hydrolysis of hydrophobic substrates [220]. When water-soluble lipases are used in organic media they have to be immobilized on solid supports in order to exhibit significant catalytic activity. 

Chylomicrons are assembled from dietary triglyceride (containing predominantly the longer-chain fatty adds) and cholesterol esters by intestinal epithelial cells. The core lipid is surrounded by phospholipids similar to those found in cell membranes, which increase the solubility of chylomicrons in lymph and blood. ApoB-48 is attached and required for release from the epithelial cells into the lymphatics. 

Extraction and Separation of Lipid and Cholesterol from Beef Tallow with SC-CO2. The cumulative yields of the fractions for various operating conditions used to extract 100 g of edible beef tallow are shown in Figure 2. The SC-CO2 used to extract all lipids charged in the extractor at 345 bar and 241 bar were 10 and 22 kg, respectively. At 138 bar, 22% of the total beef tallow was extracted after 20 kg CO2 was passed. These results indicate the high dependency of triglyceride solubility on the applied pressure and temperature and confirm the greater extraction efficiencies at the higher pressures. 

In terms of composition, Table 7.5 shows that milk fat consists primarily of triglycerides with small amounts of di- and monoglycerides, phospholipids, sterols such as cholesterol, carotenoids, fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, and some traces of free fatty acids (Renner 1983 Christie 1983). The fatty acid composition of bovine milk fat is characterized by a high proportion of saturated fatty acids (60 to 70%), appreciable amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids (25 to 35%), and small amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (4%) (Lampert 1975). Milk fat... 

The lipid fraction of foods containing the fat-soluble vitamins is composed mainly of triglycerides, with much smaller amounts of sterols, carotenoids, phospholipids, and minor li-poidal constituents. All of these substances exhibit solubility properties similar to those of the fat-soluble vitamins, and therefore they constitute a potential source of interference. A proportion of the indigenous fat-soluble vitamin content of a food is bound up with a lipoprotein complex, and hence the fat-protein bonds must be broken in order to release the vitamin. The protective gelatin coating used in certain proprietary vitamin premixes will need to be dissolved before commencing the analysis of supplemented foods. 

Cao, Y. et al. (2004) Predictive relationships for the effects of triglyceride ester concentration and water uptake on solubility and partitioning of small molecules into lipid vehicldsPharm. Sci., 93 2768-2779. 

Porter, C.J.H. et al. (2004) Useimfvitro lipid digestion data to explain tliB vivo performance of triglyceride-based oral lipid formulations of poorly water-soluble drugs studies with halofanttiifiSiarm. Sci.,... 

Log P is not the only parameter to determine the ability of a molecule to be transported via the lymph. As the lymphatic absorption is associated with chylomicron formation, which is composed mainly from a triglycerides core (85%-92%) [62], the solubility of the prodrug in triglycerides is an important indicator for lymphatic transport capacity potential. Charman and Stella suggested that solubility in triglycerides of at least 50 mg/mL is required before lymphatic transport is likely to occur [63],... 

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