Solubility of elements

Just as the saturated solubility of sugar in water is limited, so the solid solubility of element B in metal A may also be limited, or may even be so low as to be negligible, as for example with lead in iron or carbon in aluminium. There is extensive interstitial solid solubility only when the solvent metal is a transition element and when the diameter of the solute atoms is < 0 6 of the diameter of the solvent atom. The Hume-Rothery rules state that there is extensive substitutional solid solubility of B in >1 only if ... 

It is unlikely that this is due to a simple difference in the solubility of elemental mercury in these cuts it is more likely that there is a chemical interaction between the acetylenic species (ME and PD) with mercury. Elemental mercury and MAPD alone would not form Hg organometaUic compounds at room temperature, but an interaction... 

The tri-iodide ion is responsible for the solubility of elemental iodine in an aqueous solution of potassium iodide and gives rise to the deep yellow-brown colour of the solution, unlike the violet colour displayed by the iodine molecule in the vapour phase or in a solution of ethanol ... 

The first examples of a chalcogen insertion into a transition metal-carbene bond were reported in 1981. Stirring solutions of the pentacarbonyl-(diarylcarbene)tungsten complexes 39 in pentane in the presence of solid sulfur afforded the thioketone complexes 40 [Eq. (8)].171 The reaction rate increased considerably when pentane was replaced by CS2 as the solvent due to the higher solubility of elemental sulfur in CS2. 

Solid Solubility of Elements in a-Fe and on Magnetisation of Disordered b.e.e. Fe Alloys ... 

Solvent extraction separation is based on differences in the solubilities of elements and their compounds between two immiscible liquid phases. Usually, the initial phase is an aqueous solution and the second phase is an organic solvent, immiscible with water. Some properties of the more common organic solvents are listed in Table 1.1. The ion to be extracted into the non-aqueous phase should first be transformed into an uncharged species. 

Aside from the effect of active organic matter on solubility of elements, discussed above, it does also directly supply both essential and functional elements, and the organic colloids help to hold them against leaching. It also provides a suitable environment for microorganisms that play an important part in tlys availabflity of several of the nutrients, both essential and functional. 

The solubility of some transition elements in liquid lithium is found to be influenced by the nitrogen content of the alkali metal. Solubilities of elements can only be measured in very pure lithium. Nitrogen contents of >50 wppm increase the saturation concentrations. The presence of nitrogen, however, does not evidently change the values of the free enthalpy of solution. 

Boulegue j. (1978) Solubility of elemental sulfur in water at 298 K. Phophorous, Sulfur Related Elem. 5, 127-128. 

Generally, the solubility of elements in iron increases with temperature, and this factor, together with the increasing equilibrium defect concentration, ensures that the diffusivity also increases with temperature. The effect of temperature on solubility can also be compared with the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion of the elements a large value (e.g., aluminum) increases the size factor with inaease in temperature and can maintain the solubility at an essentially constant level. 

The solubility of elements in the Cr rich a phase was studied by [1952Bue]. 

The alpha form contains plenty of impurities at high temperatures. The solubility of elements into the al-... 

Solubility of elemental sulphur in NR, EPDM, synthetic polyisoprene and deproteinisedNR was determined over a period of 5 days. By varying the amount of sulphur added to the elastomers, heating the mixtures and analysing them on cooling in a Fourier Transform Raman instrument, both the immediate and long-term solubility could be assayed. Some of the non-elastomeric components could influence the rate and level of crystallisation. 11 refs. 

Solvent extraction is used on both analytical and industrial scales and utilizes the high solubility of uranium in many organic solvents, in contrast to the low solubility of elements such as iron, thorium, radium, and rare earth elements. Uranium must be present in an ionic form in an aqueous solvent (see sample digestion) as solvent extraction will not extract colloids or complexes. Separation funnels or counter-flow systems can be used, with a higher efficiency and throughput possible using the counter-flow approach. 

The triiodide anion, [13] , is a well-known species, yellow in dilute aqueous solution and brown when concentrated. Indeed, the formation of the triiodide anion underlies the solubility of elemental iodine in aqueous potassium iodide but not in pure water. 

This series, which has been translated from the Russian, consists of five volumes (about 5500 pages) and is a selection from the literature of data on the solubilities of elements, inorganic compounds, and organic compounds in binary, ternary, and multi-component systems. References are given to sources of data in the literature. The data are uncvaluated and refer to temperatures for which experimental data exist. Also see the three volume extension edited by Si 1cock [136]. 

The solubility of elements in freshwater is limited and the solubility of calcium and magnesium carbonates are of particular importance in freshwaters. The solubility of carbonates is inversely proportional to the temperature of the water. In other words, as the water temperature increases, calcium and magnesium carbonates become less soluble. If the solubility decreases sufficiently, carbonates will precipitate and form a scale on the surfaces of the system. This scale can provide a protective barrier to prevent corrosion of the metallic elements in a system. Excessive scale deposits can interfere with water flow and heat transfer. The quality of the scale is dependent on the quantity of calcium that can precipitate as well as water flow and the chloride and sulfate content of the water. The tendency of water to precipitate a carbonate scale is estimated from corrosion indices such as the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) and Caldwell-Lawrence calculations [6-8] which use calcium, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, temperature and pH properties of the water. Other indices, such as the Ryznar Index... 

Most of the proposed direct experimental verifications and theoretical research of size effects in DSs have been performed so far for pure metals and materials. The situation remains unelucidated for the case of DS compounds and metal alloys and many interesting topics are encountered in this field. Examples of unsolved problems for multicomponent DSs are the problem of solubility of elements, effect of the chemical environment, the influence of magnetic and electrical fields, and state diagrams. 

Sanemasa I. (1975) The solubility of elemental mercury vapor in water. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan. 48, 1975-1978. 

Ren Y, Shui H, Peng C, Liu H, Hu Y (2011) Solubility of elemental sulfur in pure organic solvents and organic solvent-ionic liquid mixtures from 293.15 to 353.15 K. Fluid Phase... 

---