Solubility chlorinated wood

Stroo HP et al. (2003) Remediating chlorinated solvent source zones Environ Sci Technol 37 225A-230A. Tick GR, P Lourenso, AL Wood, ML Brusseau (2003) Pilot-scale demonstration of cyclodextrin as a solubility-enhancement agent for remediation of a tetrachloroethene-contaminated aquifer Environ Sci Technol 37 5829-5834. 

There are 210 different isomeric possibilities, 75 of which are PCDDs and 135 are PCDFs. The toxicity of these isomers varies greatly, and only 15 exhibit extreme toxicity, the most toxic of which is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD). The toxicity of the other isomers is therefore expressed as a toxicity equivalent of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. The PCDDs and PCDFs are poorly water soluble but are fat soluble and are therefore able to accumulate in tissue fat, thus allowing them to bio-accumulate in living organisms. The origin of dioxins in the pulp and paper industry is not entirely clear. They may be produced from the chlorination of dibenzodioxin which may be present in recycled oils used to make defoamers, but they may also arise from wood chips which have been treated with polychlorophenol to prevent sap stain formation. It is also possible that they are derived from lignin by chlorination. Dioxins are also known to be formed naturally by combustion of material such as wood, and forest fires have been particularly identified as a likely major cause of dioxin emissions. 

Cyanoethylation of wood meal has been used to impart thermoplasticity to wood (Morita and Sakata, 1986 Hon and San Luis, 1989). Treatment of cyanoethylated wood with a chlorine solution has also been found to improve the solubility of the treated wood in various organic solvents (Morita etal, 1987). Films have been prepared by casting from DMF solution on to glass (Yamawaki etal, 1990). 

The third method of dissolution is based on the mild chlorination of chemically modified wood according to Sakata and Morita (13) (Postchlorination method). Chlorination, in fact, resulted in enhanced solubility of chemically modified wood in solvents, including phenol. For example, chlorinated cyanoethylated wood does not only dissolve in cresol even at room temperature, but it also dissolves (under heating) in resorcinol, phenol and a LiCl-dimethylacetamide solution. 

When chemically modified woods are chlorinated, their solubility in solvents is tremendously enhanced. For example, at room temperature cyanoethylated wood can dissolve in o-cresol by only 9.25%. However, once chlorinated, it can dissolve almost completely in the same solvent at room temperature. The chlorinated-cyanoethylated wood can also dissolve in resorcinol, phenol, and an LiCl-dimethylacetamide solution under heating. 

Dichlorine oxide, CI2O, is best prepared on a laboratory scale by reacting chlorine with mercury oxide (equation 94). On an industrial scale, it can be prepared by reacting chlorine with moist carbonate (equation 95). This oxide is readily soluble in water to form hypochlorous acid (equation 96). Its salts, the hypochlorites, are quite stable and are used in the textile industries and to bleach wood pulp. The low-temperature crystal structme of CI2O reveals an essentially molecular structure [d(O-Cl) = 1.7092(4) A] with weak secondary interactions [d(0- Cl) = 2.7986(4) A] affording a distorted tetrahedral coordination around the O atom. ... 

Developments since 1920 include multistage bleaching of kraft bleaching with peroxides, chlorine dioxide, and sodium hypochlorite use of synthetic resins for wet-strength paper for bags, maps, etc. and use of soluble bases for sulfite pulping, which allow the use of more species of wood. 

Cellulose, (CeHioOs) , constitutes the frame work of the vegetable kingdom. It occurs in nearly pure condition in certain plants, and probably in combination with other substances in the various kinds of wood. It can be separated from the compounds with which it is associated by treatment with various reagents. Cellulose is a comparatively stable substance, and is insoluble in all simple solvents. It can be obtained by treating woody flber, jute, flax, and so forth, successively, with chlorine and sodium hydroxide. A number of such treatments convert the substances present with the cellulose into solublle compounds. Cotton-wool, which is comparatively pure cellulose, may be freed from impurities by extraction with alcohol,... 

The final addition of preservative shown in this formulation is essential in virtually all protein glues to provide mold resistance in high-humidity service. Without this protection, even heat-cured soybean adhesives will mold as the moisture content of the bonded wood approaches 20% [24]. Copper-8-quinolinolate, and copper naphthenate are among the few remaining preservatives permitted to be used in the United States at this time for wood products. Where the use of chlorinated phenols or orthophenyl phenol is still permitted, they are also very effective preservatives for protein glues at the addition level shown. In this case, the sodium hydroxide content of the glue formulation converts the water-insoluble chlorinated fungicides to their soluble sodium salts. 

Bleaching — When the desired quality of the final product requires bleaching of pulp recovered from wood, it is usually done by the addition of oxidizing chemicals, such as chlorine, chlorine compounds, peroxides, and hydrosulfites. The oxidizing chemicals react with the non-cellulose porticm of the pulp, rendering it soluble in water or in alkaline solutions. As a result, the bleaching step adds to the wastewater volume and pollutant loading. 

Isothiazolones [II, /5.]. Isothiazolone fungicides have been evaluated for a wide range of end uses in wood protection including mouldicides, antisapstain compounds and wood preservatives. Three types are commonly distinguished the water soluble mixture of 2-methyl-4-isothazolin-3-one (MIT) plus 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT) [II, 15.3.], the non-chlorinated 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one [II, 15.4.] (OIT), and the dichlorinated 4,5-dichloro-2-(n-octyl)-4-isothiazolin-3-one [II, 15.5.] (DCOIT). The mixture of... 

Balsam tolu is obtained from the tree trunk of M. balsamum by making V-shaped incisions through the bark and sap wood. The liquid balsam is collected in gourds and solidifies on aging. The balsam is a plastic solid with a brown or brownish-yellow color that darkens and hardens on aging. Like halsam Peru, it is a true balsam. Tolu balsam has an aromatic vanilla-like odor and an aromatic, mildly pungent taste it is insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, acetone, benzene, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. 

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