Enhancing agent solubility

Stroo HP et al. (2003) Remediating chlorinated solvent source zones Environ Sci Technol 37 225A-230A. Tick GR, P Lourenso, AL Wood, ML Brusseau (2003) Pilot-scale demonstration of cyclodextrin as a solubility-enhancement agent for remediation of a tetrachloroethene-contaminated aquifer Environ Sci Technol 37 5829-5834. 

Below, laboratory studies on the electrokinetic removal of PAHs are discussed according to the types of solubility-enhancing agents used and the effects of electrokinetic variables on contaminant removal efficiency. 

Ethanol has also been investigated as a solubility-enhancing agent in several electrokinetic studies. With 40% ethanol, slight phenanthrene solubilization, desorption, and migration occurred in soil nearest to the anode, but not as much as seen when a surfactant solution, 3% Tween 80, was employed (Reddy and Saichek, 2003 Saichek and Reddy, 2003a). 

For coloration of polyester fibers, so-called dispersion dyes are used, which are poorly soluble in water (0.1-10 mg/1). Without using solubility-enhancing agents, such as tensides. uniform dyeing is not possible. However CDs can substitute tensides. e.g., 0.3 g/1 conversion mixture (which contains three cyclic and noncyclic dextrins) proved to be about equivalent to 1 g/1 Eevegal HTN (a nonionic tenside). 

In 1988, Terry and coworkers attempted to homopolymerize ethylene, 1-octene, and 1-decene in supercritical C02 [87], The purpose of their work was to increase the viscosity of supercritical C02 for enhanced oil recovery applications. They utilized the free radical initiators benzoyl peroxide and fert-butyl-peroctoate and conducted polymerization for 24-48 h at 100-130 bar and 71 °C. In these experiments, the resulting polymers were not well studied, but solubility studies on the products confirmed that they were relatively insoluble in the continuous phase and thus were not effective as viscosity enhancing agents. In addition, a-olefins are known not to yield high polymer using free radical methods due to extensive chain transfer to monomer. 

Bile flow and secretion are stimulated by fats and certain other foods. Bile salts may enhance or delay absorption depending on whether they form insoluble complexes with drugs or enhance the solubility of agents. 

Tranexamic acid Solubility enhancer Antifibrinolytic agent, hemophilia... 

Florence (1983) provide a comprehensive reference for the use of surfactants in drug formulation development. The treatment by Florence (1981) of drug solubilization in surfactant systems is more focused on the question at hand and provides a clear description of surfactant behavior and solubilization in conventional hydrocarbon-based surfactants, especially nonionic surfactants. This chapter will discuss the conventional surfactant micelles in general as well as update the reader on recent practical/commercial solubilization applications utilizing surfactants. Other uses of surfactants as wetting agents, emulsiLers, and surface modiLers, and for other pharmaceutical applications are nc emphasized. Readers can refer to other chapters in this book for details on these uses of surfactant Polymeric surfactant micelles will be discussed in Chapter 13, Micellization and Drug Solubility Enhancement Part II Polymeric Micelles. 

Lubricants such as magnesium stearate are not used as their aqueous insolubility leads to cloudy solutions and extended disintegration times. Spray-dried leucine and PEG are water-soluble alternatives [15,16]. Both artificial and natural sweeteners are used and an additional water-soluble flavoring agent may also be required. If a surfactant is added to enhance wetting and dissolution, the addition of an antifoaming agent may also be considered [17]. 

In contrast to earlier reports, Palomo and coworicers found that chromium(VI) oxide will effect the oxidation of alcohols in one day at room temperature. They also found that the addition of semicatalydc amounts (0.3 equiv.) of crown ethers (either 18-crown-6 or 12-crown-4) led to significant rate enhancements. The crown ethers are thought to generate a soluble oxidizing agent, similar to the alkyl ammonium salts used for solid-liquid phase transfer with chromium(VI) oxide in dichloromethane (vide irfra). 

Is a versatile O/w emulsifier and solubilizer of petroleum oils, solvents, and fats. High water solubility enhances its ability to solubilize petroleum solvents. In the textile Industry it is used as an emulsifier for dye carriers, as an antistatic scrooping agent in primary spin finishes, and as a fiber processing aid. 

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