Solids high-pressure methods

High-pressure methods have been used for the synthesis of new solids that cannot possibly be made otherwise. In general, the formation of a new compound from its... 

C.C. Bradley, High Pressure Methods in Solid State Research (London, Butter-worths, 1969.)... 

High-pressure methods are discussed in detail under High Pressure Synthesis of Solids. Hydrothermal methods are discussed in the previous Section. A few examples relative to oxide synthesis are given here. Descriptions of the equipment used are given by Rao and GopaUcrishnan and by Rooymans. ... 

High Pressure Method. Sometimes, certain solid phases or compounds which defy synthesis at ambient pressure can be prepared at high pressures. Conditions are particularly favorable if the product molar volume is appreciably less than that of the reactants. Since the other techniques failed to produce either NiU04 or ZnU04, the preparation of these compounds was attempted by a high pressure method. 

The low-energy end of the optical spectrum, the mid and far i.r. region (wavenumbers of 1000 to 10 cm ), allows observation of phonon (intermolecular) modes in solids. This is a domain where high-pressure methods, although potentially quite useful, have been comparatively little used. The small number of experiments which have been performed in this region were mostly on molecular compounds using large-volume, low-pressure cells with... 

In this book, we briefly examine the different types of reactions and methods employed in the synthesis of inorganic solid materials. Besides the traditional ceramic procedures, we discuss precursor methods, combustion method, topochemical reactions, intercalation reactions, ion-exchange reactions, alkali-flux method, sol-gel method, mechanochemical synthesis, microwave synthesis, electrochemical methods, pyrosol process, arc and skull methods and high-pressure methods. Hydrothermal and solvothermal syntheses are discussed separately and also in sections dealing with specific materials. Superconducting cuprates and intergrowth structures are discussed in separate sections. Synthesis of nanomaterials is dealt with in some detail. Synthetic methods for metal borides, carbides, nitrides, fluorides, sili-cides, phosphides and chalcogenides are also outlined. 

Some wave phenomena, familiar to many people from the human senses, include the easy undulation of water waves from a dropped stone or the sharp shock of the sonic boom from high-speed aircraft. The great power and energy of shock events is apparent to the human observer as he stands on the rim of the Meteor Crater of Arizona. Human senses provide little insight into the transition from these directly sensed phenomena to the high-pressure, shock-compression effects in solids. This transition must come from development of the science of shock compression, based on the usual methods of scientific experimentation, theoretical modeling, and numerical simulation. 

Due to its physical nature (a solid material only under high pressure and low temperature), it cannot be processed by conventional methods used for natural gas and crude oils. One approach is by dissociating this... 

Castiglioni S, Bagnati R, Calamari D, Fanelli R, Zuccato E (2005) A multiresidue analytical method using solid-phase extraction and high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to measure pharmaceuticals of different therapeutic classes in urban waste-waters. J Chromatogr A 1092 206-215... 

It is well known that the energy profiles of Compton scattered X-rays in solids provide a lot of important information about the electronic structures [1], The application of the Compton scattering method to high pressure has attracted a lot of attention since the extremely intense X-rays was obtained from a synchrotron radiation (SR) source. Lithium with three electrons per atom (one conduction electron and two core electrons) is the most elementary metal available for both theoretical and experimental studies. Until now there have been a lot of works not only at ambient pressure but also at high pressure because its electronic state is approximated by free electron model (FEM) [2, 3]. In the present work we report the result of the measurement of the Compton profile of Li at high pressure and pressure dependence of the Fermi momentum by using SR. 

In addition to high pressure, solid-phase and microwave assistance, a number of less common and rarely occurring methods have been introduced into the field of domino reactions. 

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