Solid State Table of the Elements

IN THIS PART of the book, we shall attempt to describe solids in the simplest meaningful framework. Chapter 1 contains a simple, brief statement of the quantum-mechanical framework needed for all subsequent discussions. Prior knowledge of quantum mechanics is desirable. However, for review, the premises upon which we will proceed are outlined here. This is followed by a brief description of electronic structure and bonding in atoms and small molecules, which includes only those aspects that will be directly relevant to discussions of solids. Chapter 2 treats the electronic structure of solids by extending the framework established in Chapter 1. At the end of Chapter 2, values for the interatomic matrix elements and term values are introduced. These appear also in a Solid State Table of the Elements at the back of the book. These will be used extensively to calculate properties of covalent and ionic solids. 

The Solid State Table of the elements, arranged to reflect the characteristic classes of solids. This table is shown schematically here. At the back of the book, a larger version of the table contains parameters which are used to calculate properties throughout the text. 

The Solid State Table of the Elements, folded into the book near the back cover, exemplifies the unified view of electronic structure which is sought, and its relation to the properties of solids. The table contains the parameters needed to calculate nearly any property of any solid, using a hand-held calculator these are parameters such as the LCAO matrix elements and pseudopotential core radii, in terms of which elementary descriptions of the electronic structure can be given. The approach used throughout this book has been to simplify the description of... 

This Dover edition, first published in 1989, is an unabridged, corrected republication of the work first published by W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 1980. The author has written a new Preface for the Dover edition. The Solid State Table of the Elements, a foldout in the original edition, is herein reprinted as a double-page spread. 

The materials for solid solutions of transition elements in j3-rh boron are prepared by arc melting the component elements or by solid-state diffusion of the metal into /3-rhombohedral (/3-rh) boron. Compositions as determined by erystal structure and electron microprobe analyses together with the unit cell dimensions are given in Table 1. The volume of the unit cell (V ) increases when the solid solution is formed. As illustrated in Fig. 1, V increases nearly linearly with metal content for the solid solution of Cu in /3-rh boron. In addition to the elements listed in Table 1, the expansion of the unit cell exceeds 7.0 X 10 pm for saturated solid solutions " of Ti, V, (2o, Ni, As, Se and Hf in /3-rh boron, whereas the increase is smaller for the remaining elements. The solubility of these elements does not exceed a few tenths at %. The microhardness of the solid solution increases with V . Boron is a brittle material, indicating the accommodation of transition-element atoms in the -rh boron structure is associated with an increase in the cohesion energy of the solid. 

Physical Properties. An overview of the metallurgy (qv) and solid-state physics of the rare earths is available (6). The rare earths form alloys with most metals. They can be present interstitially, in solid solutions, or as intermetallic compounds in a second phase. Alloying with other elements can make the rare earths either pyrophoric or corrosion resistant. It is extremely important, when determining physical constants, that the materials are very pure and well characterized. All impurity levels in the sample should be known. Some properties of the lanthanides are listed in Table 3. 

Among the elements in groups IB and 2B, which form bonds of a more covalent character, several investigations have been reported for the copper(II) ion, which has the same distorted octahedral coordination as in the solid state (Table III). The silver ion does not form discrete aqua ions in the solid state, but occurs as Ag(H20)4+ in aqueous perchlorate solutions, with Ag—H20 bond lengths of 2.4 A, expected for a tetrahedrally coordinated Ag+ ion (19, 42). 

Neon, and the elements directly below it in the periodic table or the Solid State Table, form the simplest closed-shell systems. The electronic structure of the inert-gas solid, which is face-ccntercd cubic, is essentially that of the isolated atoms, and the interactions between atoms are well described by an overlap interaction that includes a correlation energy contribution (frequently described as a Van der Waals interaction). The total interaction, which can be conveniently fitted by a two-parameter Lennard-Jones potential, describes the behavior of both the gas and the solid. Electronic excitations to higher atomic states become excitons in the solid, and the atomic ionization energy becomes the band gap. Surprisingly, as noted by Pantelides, the gap varies with equilibrium nearest-neighbor distance, d, as d... 

It is important to note that most of the diffusion data summarized in Table 2 (see Appendix) were obtained in order to quantify either the transport rate of the element of interest (e g. O, C) or the solid state properties of the crystalline phase, chiefly, the nature of defects. Because most of these studies used isotopically labeled compounds, we assume that the rates of isotopic exchange can be adequately represented by these diffusivities. Therefore, the utility of diffusion data in modeling natural systems depends on selection of the appropriate D and its quality. What constitutes a successful (ideal) diffusion experiment ... 

For C2, obtain the o states for the homopolar diatomic molecule (see Fig. l-ll), by using the matrix elements from the Solid State Table, at the back of the book, or from Tables 2-1 and 2-2, in Chapter 2. Writing... 

Applications A limited number of papers refer to the use of AAS in relation to polymer/additive deformulation. Elemental analysis of polymers and rubbers by AAS may be carried out after dissolution in an organic solvent (Table 8.21), after oxidative wet digestion (Table 8.12), after dry ashing (Table 8.22) or directly in the solid state (Table 8.23). 

Table 14.1 Numbers of structures of the elements known until 2006 in the solid state at different conditions...

The energetics of the reaction between the fuel element and the oxidizer is determined by the state of the outer electron orbits of the element and the oxidizer. The fuel elements are divided into two categories metals and non-metals. Typical metals used as fuel components are li. Mg, Al, Ti, and Zr, and typical non-metals used as fuel components are B, C, and Si. Some other metalHc elements used in py-rolants, such as Ba, W, and Pt, are not shown in Fig. 10.1. The physicochemical properties of solid elements and their oxidized products are shown in Table 10.4. 

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