Solar light, simulated

The photovoltaic performance of DSSC can be analyzed in terms of conversion yield and long-term stability. For metal complex-based DSSCs, the polypyridyl complexes of ruthenium and osmium are known to fulfill both criteria [29]. After the solar cell has been fabricated, it has to be evaluated for a number of parameters such as IPCE (or quantum efficiency), /sc (short-circuit current), Voc (open-circuit voltage), FF (fill factor), and rj (power conversion efficiency), which provide performance information for real-world applications. These DSSC parameters can be determined using a solar light simulator. The fill factor can assume values between 0 and less than 1 and is defined by the ratio of the maximum power (P,aax) of the solar cell per unit area divided by the and according to [7]... 

W solar light-simulating lamp (Philips DeLuxe pro LTJHo)... 

According to numerical simulations, temperature changes are not linear. When the Earth heats up, for example, ice melts. This means that more solar light is absorbed and the atmosphere heats up even more. This effect operates until all sea ice has melted, which requires a 4% growth in solar Inminance (luminous intensity per projected area). 

Mullen et al. in 2008 reported the successful use of graphene films (TGF) as transparent electrodes (anodes) in BHJ solar cells composed of P3HT and PCBM as the active layer (see Fig. 34) [258]. The cell conversion efficiency under low intensity monochromatic light showed the same values as the ITO electrode (1.5%) and under simulated solar light the values were lower (0.29%) compared to the obtained values for ITO (1.17%) under the same conditions. Although the study under simulated solar light was not satisfactory, the BHJ solar cell shows promise for the use of graphene in this type of devices after further optimization of the cell. 

The current-voltage characteristics of the ITO/polymer 22 and 23/C60/Al devices under illumination with simulated solar light (100 mW/cm2). 

FIGURE 7. Current-voltage characteristic of the device ITO/PEDOT PSS/polymer 30 PCBM/A1 under illumination with simulated AM 1.5 solar light. 

Pelizzetti, E., Borgarello, M., Minero, C., Pramauro, E., Serpone, N. (1988) Photolytic degradation of polychlorinated dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyl in aqueous suspensions of semiconductors irradiated with simulated solar light. Chemosphere 17, 499-510. 

The solar to electric power conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells of laboratory scale (0.158 cm2), validated by an accredited photovoltaic calibration laboratory, has reached 11.1% under standard reporting conditions, i.e., air mass 1.5 global sunlight at 1000 Wm-2 intensity and 298 K temperature, rendering it a credible alternative to conventional p-n junction photovoltaic devices [68]. Photovoltaic performance data obtained with a sandwich cell under illumination by simulated AM 1.5 solar light using complex 26 are shown in Fig. 16. At 1 sun the 26-sensitized solar cell exhibited 17.73 =b 0.5 mA current, 846 mV potential, and a fill factor of 0.75 yielding an overall conversion efficiency of 11.18%. 

Dehydroabietic acid (XIII) is the most abundant of the resin acids that occur naturally in wood and tree bark. These compounds are toxic and persistent in the environment. The effect of DOM on the photolysis of XIII was investigated at 254 nm and at X > 300 nm [74], In pure water, XI (3 mgL x) was degraded both by 254 nm radiation and simulated solar light. The degradation of XIII at 254 nm was slower in the humic surface water (Lake Sarojarvi, Finland) than in pure water. The opposite effect was observed at X > 300 nm. 

Reference to the previously cited CIE (7), ISO (9), and ASTM (18) standards will reveal that the xenon-arc lamps with appropriate filters are widely used to simulate this spectrum. This is because the properly filtered xenon-arc lamp is the best representation of solar light of any lamp produced. 

Fig.31 I-V measurements of P3HT PCBM solar cells under 80mW/cm AM 1.5 solar spectrum simulation (light). The photocurrent and the diode characteristics improved from untreated (U, squares) over thermal annealing (T, open circles) to thermal annealing in combination with the application of external voltage (T + I, open triangles), (Reproduced with permission from [172], 2003, Wiley-VCH)...

Marci, G. Garcla-Lopez, E.I. Palmisano, L. Photocatalytic C02 reduction in gas-solid regime in the presence of H20 by using GaP/Ti02 composite as photocatalyst under simulated solar light. Catal. Commun., 2014, 53, 38-41. 

Finally, conjugated materials 40 based on poly(phenylene thiophene) and poly (fluorene thiophene) main chain polymers functionalized with pendant trithiocyanato ruthenium terpyridine complexes were synthesized by the Suzuki coupling reaction. Heterojunction photovoltaic cells with the simple structure ITO/polymer/C-60/Al were fabricated. Under simulated AM1.5 solar light illumination, the short circuit currents, open circuit voltages, and power conversion efficiencies of the photovoltaic cells were measured to be 1.53-2.58 mAcm 2, 0.12-0.24 V, and 0.084-0.12%, respectively [77]. 

Figure 2.78 shows the output power characteristic, yielding 9.5% efficiency under simulated solar light under simulated AM 1 conditions. Due to the small energy... 

F. Sastre, M. Oteri, A. Corma, H. Garcia, Photocatalytic water gas shift using visible or simulated solar light for the efficient, room-temperature hydrogen generation. Energy Environ. Sci. 6 (2013) 2211-2215. 

Andersson and coworkers have prepared solar cells based on blends of poly(2,7-(9-(2 -ethylhexyl)-9-hexyl-fluorene)-fl/t-5,5-(4, 7 -di-2-thienyl-2, l, 3 -benzothiadiazole) (223) and PCBM [416]. The polymer shows a Amax (545 nm) with a broad optical absorption in the visible spectrum and an efficiency of 2.2% has been measured under simulated solar light. The same group has also reported the synthesis of low bandgap polymers 200 (1 = 1.25 eV) and 224 (1 = 1.46 eV) which have been blended with a soluble pyrazolino[70]fiillerene and PCBM, respectively, to form bulk heterojunction solar cells of PCE of 0.7% [417] and 0.9% [418]. Incorporation of an electron-delident silole moiety in a polyfluorene chain affords an alternating conjugated copolymer (225) with an optical bandgap of 2.08 eV. A solar cell based on a mixture 1 4 of 225 and PCBM exhibits 2.01% of PCE [419]. 

Rtimi Sami Baghriche, Oualid Sanjines, Rosendo Pulgarin, Cesar Ben-Simon, Michael Lavanchy, Jean-Claude et al. TiON and TiON-Ag sputtered textile showing antibacterial activity induced by simulated-solar-light. J Photochem Photobiol A 2013 256 52-63. 

Figure 10.7 Escherichia coli survival on Ag-TiON sputtered on polyester for different Ag deposition times on TiON layers. The light source is an Osram lamp L18W/827 (4 mW/cm, 400—700 nm). Reactive gas flow composition Ar 90% N2 5% 02 5% and total P = 0.5 Pa. Rtimi Sami Baghriche, Oualid Sanjines, Rosendo Pulgarin, Cesar Ben-Simon, Michael Lavanchy, Jean-Claude et al. TiON and TiON-Ag sputtered textile showing antibacterial activity induced by simulated-solar-light. J Photochem Photobiol A 2013 256 52-63.

Abstract Photoelectrochemical solar cells comprising a colloidal Ti02 photoelectrode and sensitized with anthocyanin pigments, delphinidin purple and cyanidin 3,5-diglucose extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa and Ribes nigra plants, respectively, have been fabricated. A sunlight-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 3.16% under simulated solar light was obtained with the cell sensitized with the delphinidin purple dye. 

Liu J., Hu C., Xu J., Jiang F., and Chen F. Enhanced photocatalytic performance of partially reduced graphene oxide nnder simulated solar light through loading gold nanoparticles. Mater. Lett. 134 (2014a) 134-137. 

The six sensitizers mentioned were tested under comparable conditions in solar cells which had a nanocrystalline oxide layer of 4 pm only. This is significantly smaller than in high-efficiency dye sensitized cells (8—16 pm) so that the solar cell efficiency reached was correspondingly smaller. In the case of the N3 Ru-complex, the solar cell efficiency reached was between 2 and 3%. The same sensitized cell with ZnO yielded an efficiency between 0.3% and 0.45%. Solar cells fabricated with the above mentioned six different sensitizers were exposed to simulated solar light for periods of up to 30 days, and in the case of the Ru-N3 dye and nanocrystalline Ti02 substrate for periods of up to 280 days. Photochemical degradation was observed in all cases. It was clearly more pronounced in the case of ZnO, even though simultaneously lower solar cell efficiencies were reached. 

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