Solar cell applications structure

As mentioned earlier, the DSSC is a very attractive and promising device for solar cell applications that has been intensively investigated worldwide, and its photovoltaic mechanism has also intensively investigated [11-20]. Moreover, commercial applications of the DSSC have been under investigation. In this chapter, we describe the DSSC, including its component materials, structure, working mechanism, efficient preparation procedure, current researches, and long-term stabilities. We also introduce the subjects for improvement of its performance and commercial applications. 

This book is devoted to the properties, preparation and applications of zinc oxide (ZnO) as an transparent electrode material. It focuses on ZnO for thin film solar cell applications and hopefully inspires also readers from related fields. The book is structured into three parts to serve both as an overview as well as a data collection for students, engineers and scientists. The first part, Chaps. 1-4, provide an overview of the application and fundamental material properties of ZnO films and their surface and interfaces properties. Chaps. 5-7 review thin film deposition techniques applied for ZnO preparation on lab scale but also for large area production. Finally, Chaps. 8 and 9 are devoted to applications of ZnO in silicon- and chalcopyrite-based thin film solar cells, respectively. One should note that the application of CVD grown ZnO in silicon thin film cells is discussed earlier in Chap. 6. 

Z.-G Zhang and J. Wang, Structures and properties of conjugated donor-acceptor copolymers for solar cell applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012. 22(10) p. 4178-4187. 

Hybrid nanostructures are beneficial for solar cell applications for better electron-hole separation. RU-CU2S hybrid structures were synthesized by injecting Ru(acac)3 in octylether into a vessel containing CU2S seeds in octadecylamine at 205 °C. The caged structures were sensitive to reaction temperature those were only obtained at 205 °C. 

Depauw V, Richard O, Bender H, Gordon I, Beaueame G, Poortmans J, Mertens R, Celis J-P (2008) Study of pore reorganisation during annealing of maeroporous silicon structures for solar cell application. Thin Solid Films 516 6934-6938... 

Bae KR, Ko CH, Park Y, Kim Y, Bae JS, Yeum JH, Kim IS, Lee WJ, Oh W (2010) Structure control of nanocrystalline Ti02 for the dye-sensitized solar cell application. Curr Appl Phys 10(3) S406-S409... 

A number of novel nanostructured semiconductor hetero-structures have been explored extensively for device applications for several years.Increasing computational capabilities to model lET processes in nanostructured materials in many ways provide similar opportunities as for the dye-sensitized solar cell applications discussed as a prototype example above. Moreover, recent progress in the growth of complex nanostructures based on new materials, such as III-V semiconductors like GaN opens up significant new opportunities for nanoscale energy conversion applications. This provides a good example of an emerging research area that is likely to offer an active field for computational materials research over the next fewyears. ... 

SigNA RS, ARE, RIBS, CVD, Photo CVD Incapsulation, diffusion barrier, gate dielectric applications and solar cells Aerospace structural material... 

Sic and a-Sl C, x H RS. ARE, CVD, Plasma CVD, RIBS High temperature High temperature semiconductor structural devices, solar cells applications, cutting tool hard coatings ... 

A smaller class of type II alloys of II-VI binaries also exists, including the (CdS) ,(ZnSe)i (CdS) ,(ZnTe)i (CdSe) ,(ZnSe)i (CdS) ,(CdTe)i-. (CdSe)x(CdTe)i i , and (CdS) c(ZnS)i i systems, which transform at some critical composition from the W to the ZB structure. Importantly, the transition temperatures are usually well below those required to attain a thermodynamically stable wurtzite form for the binary constituents (e.g., 700-800 °C for pure CdS and > 1,020 "C for pure ZnS). The type 11 pseudobinary CdxZni jcSe is of considerable interest in thin film form for the development of tandem solar cells as well as for the fabrication of superlattices and phosphor materials for monitors. The CdSe Tei-x alloy is one of the most investigated semiconductors in photoelectrochemical applications. 

Doping is important for semiconductors in order to tune their optical and electrical properties for the potential applications in biotechnology and solar cells [65]. Ag-doped hexagonal CdS nanoparticles were successfully obtained by an ultrasound-assisted microwave synthesis method. Here, the doping of Ag in to CdS nanoparticles induced the evolution of crystal structure from cubic to hexagonal. Further support from photocatalytic experiment also clearly indicates the doping of Ag clusters into the CdS matrix. 

The number of publications concerning utilization of the EISA process for fabrication of different structured materials is counted in the hundreds, which is far beyond the possibilities of this chapter to review in depth. Rather, we intend to provide a brief introduction into EISA and its application to the fabrication of functional thin films for electronic applications (e.g., electro-chromic layers and solar cells), with a special focus on fabrication of crystalline mesoporous films of metal oxides. Attention will also be given to techniques used to evaluate the pore structure of the thin films. For the other aspects of the EISA process, for example its mechanism,4 strategies for preparation of crystalline porous metal oxides,5 mesoporous nanohybrid materials,6 periodic organic silica materials,7,8 or postgrafting functionalization of mesoporous framework,9 we kindly recommend the reader to refer to the referenced comprehensive reviews. 

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