Soil heaping

Soil fungi, in dew-retting, 77 605-606 Soil heaping defined, 3 758t Soil heaps... 

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) Soils, heap material, and fly ash 52... 

BiopUes are variants of landfarms that permit treatment conditions to be more directly controlled. Also known as soil-heaping operations, biopiles use less land area and produce fewer air emissions than landfarms. Volatile compounds lost from biopUes are readily captured and treated, a major advantage of this technology (Bossert and Compeau 1995). To produce a biopile, soil is excavated and then mounded and covered by a plastic sheet within a lined treatment cell. An internal system of perforated pipes is placed within the pile and used to draw air in by means of vacuum pumps. Air also may be blown into... 

The name mole comes from the Latin word for massive heap. Coincidentally, the animal of the same name makes massive heaps of soil on lawns. 

The aim should be to get the manure into the soil or grassland as soon as possible. Remember that every time the heap is turned, fermentation is encouraged by the exposure to the air and ammonia is lost. 

Stored solid manures acts as a source of N20 production/consumption and emission. Covering heaped manure shows reduction in NH3 emissions but has no effect on N20 emission, while other studies showed that both were reduced. The addition of chopped straw reduced N20 emission by 32% from the small scale of cattle manure. [54], Slurry or liquid manure with no cover showed negligible N20 release, while slurry with straw cover might act as a source of emission [55]. N20 emission occurs following manure application to soil [56], Various factors that affect N20 release from soil include (i) type of manure, (ii) soil type, (iii) manure composition, (iv) measurement period, (v) timing of manure application, (vi) amount of manure applied, and (vii) method of application. 

Wbat to do Early in the growing season, cover vines with row cover or mesh uncover later for pollinators, or hand-pollinate flowers. To save attacked vines, slit infested stems and remove the borers, then heap soil over the vines to induce rooting. If squash vine borers have been a serious problem in previous years, spray the base of susceptible plants with pyrethrin to kill young larvae before they enter vines. 

The uranium heap leaching technology is an ex situ adaptation of a 20-year-old heap leach mining (i.e., of gold, silver, and copper) technique used to treat soil. Each soil/contaminant chemical treatment combination is unique and must be developed separately. The equipment required for field-scale uranium heap leaching is basically the same as the equipment used in standard mining practices. 

The vendor claims that the technology will treat uranium and possibly thorium. At this point, the technology has only been bench tested. The vendor hopes, however, that once the heap leaching technology is fully developed, it will be used to remove metals chemically (uranium in this case) from soil without damaging the soil. With some modification, the process can also be used to remove volatile organic compounds from soil by ex situ soil venting. 

The Pacific Northwest National Laboratories estimated that the total cost estimate for batch leaching of contaminated soils is 30 to 500 per ton of treated soil and for heap leaching of contaminated soils is 10 to 150 per ton of treated soil. These costs include excavation, capital, and operating and maintenance costs. This estimate is based on costs for leaching of precious metals from ores in the mining industry (D18769D, p. 5). 

The Hot Air Vapor Extraction System (HAVE) is an ex situ commercial technology that uses a sequence of thermal, heap pile, and vapor extraction techniques to remove and destroy hydrocarbon contamination in soil. This technology is effective in cleaning soils contaminated with gasoline, diesel, heavy oil, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 

The heap leaching process can be used to treat contaminated soil, sludge, or solid waste. The process treats large volumes of low-concentration waste, recovering metal for recycling. The process can be used in conjunction with other processes to treat organic contaminants and can also be used as postbiological treatment. 

Bio-Raptor technology uses a combination of ex situ microbial and mechanical processes to treat soils and sludges that are contaminated with hydrocarbons. The Bio-Raptor unit shreds and screens the excavated soil to increase its surface area. Then, the unit sprays and inoculates the soil with a proprietary blend of microorganisms. The soil is heaped into biopiles while the microbes degrade the contaminants. Bio-Raptor systems are commercially available and have been used for full-scale site cleanups. 

Frouz, J. 2002. The effect of soil microfauna on litter decompostion and soil organic matter accum-mulation during soil formation in spoil heaps after brown coal mining. Ekologia-Bratislava, 21, 363-369. 

Another method of charring is in use, especially at Wicnerwald, and also in mountainous districts where there is no great depth of soil, and where resinous wood is operated upon. The form of the heap or pile is shown in Fig. 22—a kind of structure termed SaufenvsrJsoUnng, and offering facilities of charring endeft wood of every dimensions. When this mode... 

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