Soil evidence

J. Gerke, Orthophosphate and organic phosphate in the soil solution of four sandy soils—evidence for humic-Fe(Al) phosphate complexes. Commim. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 25 601 (1992). 

One of the first considerations in the use of any chemical is possible accumulations of harmful residues in soils. Evidence proves beyond any doubt that many of the newer compounds remain in the soil for at least 5 years. How much longer they may persist, time alone can determine. We know that both selenium and molybdenum can be picked up from soils by plants, which thus become extremely toxic to animals, even when plants themselves are apparently unharmed. Often a given piece of land may be treated safely as far as one crop is concerned but another crop may be injured. For example, potatoes will tolerate large amounts of DDT in the soil as a means of controlling wireworms which are extremely destructive melons, on the other hand, are severely injured by excessive DDT in the soil. There can be no assurance in many cases as to the ultimate use of any... 

Kogel-Knabner, I., Zech, W., Hatcher, P. G., and deLeeuw, J. W. (1991). Fate of plant components during biodegradation and humification in forest soils Evidence from structural characterization of individual biomacromolecules. In Advances in Soil and Organic Matter Research The Impact of Agriculture and the Environment, vol. 90, Wilson, W. S., eds., Royal Society of Chemistry, London, pp. 61-70. 

K., and Bowden, R. (2006). Organic C and N stabilization in a forest soil Evidence from sequential density fractionation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38(11), 3313-3324. 

Carcaillet, C. (2001). Are Holocene wood-charcoal fragments strtified in alpine and subalpline soils Evidence from the Alps based on AMS 14C dates. Holocene 11, 231-242. 

Zhao, F. I, Lehmann, I, Solomon, D., Fox, M. A., and McGrath, S. P. (2006). Sulphur specia-tion and turnover in soils evidence from sulphur K-edge XANES spectroscopy and isotope dilution studies. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38,1000-1007. 

Soils can have characteristics due to human activity (anthropogenic soils). The forensic examination of soil is therefore not only concerned with the analysis of naturally occurring rocks, minerals, plant, and animal matter it also includes the detection of such manufactured materials as ions from synthetic fertilizers and from different environments (e.g., nitrate, phosphate, sulfate) and environmental artifacts (e.g., lead or objects such as glass, paint chips, asphalt, brick fragments, and cinders). Each of these materials can represent distinct soil characteristics. When unique particles are found in soil evidence, more precise and rapid discrimination can be achieved even if the amount of evidence recovered is microscopic (Sugita and Marumo 2004). For this reason, microscopy is often considered the most useful technique for the detection of such characteristic particles. 

Junger, E. P. (1996). Assessing the unique characteristics of close proximity soil samples Just how useful is soil evidence /. Forens. Sci. 41, 27-34. 

Sugita, R. and Marumo, Y. (2001). Screening of soil evidence by a combination of simple techniques Validity of particle size distribution. Forensic Sci. Int. 122, 155-158. 

Sugita, R. and Marumo, Y. (2004). Unique particles in soil evidence, in Forensic Geoscience Principles, Techniques and Applications (K. Pye and D. J. Croft, Eds.). London Geological Society Special Publication 232, 97-102. 

The multiple bond is expected to be very strong, in addition to being favored by the positive entropy change associated with chelation reactions (see discussion on chelation in Chapter 1). Glyphosate is readily and selectively adsorbed by Fe oxides, and its herbicidal function is rapidly inactivated on contact with soils, evidence of a strong surface interaction. 

A most important additional requirement for the reinforcement function is that the geotextUe is made to have a good bonding strength, T, with the soil, so as to resist slippage of the soil over fabric surface or the pullout of the fabric from the soil. Evidently in order to ensure effective... 

Motavalli PP, Pahn CA, Parlon WJ et al (1995) Soil pH and organic C dynamics in tropical forest soils evidence from laboratory and simulation studies. Soil Biol Biochem 27 1589-1599... 

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