Soft alcohols

CO—C H,—CO—0—CHj—CHOH—CHj—OOC—CgH,—CO— These are comparatively soft materials and they are soluble in a number of organic solvents. Under more drastic conditions (200-220°) and with a larger proportion of phthahc anhydride, the secondary alcohol groups are esterified and the simple chains become cross-hnked three dimensional molecules of much higher molecular weight are formed ... 

Barium is a metallic element, soft, and when pure is silvery white like lead it belongs to the alkaline earth group, resembling calcium chemically. The metal oxidizes very easily and should be kept under petroleum or other suitable oxygen-free liquids to exclude air. It is decomposed by water or alcohol. 

The first successhil attempt to make textile fibers from plant cellulose can be traced to George Audemars (1). In 1855 he dissolved the nitrated form of cellulose in ether and alcohol and discovered that fibers were formed as the dope was drawn into the air. These soft strong nitrocellulose fibers could be woven into fabrics but had a serious drawback they were explosive, nitrated cellulose being the basis of gun-cotton (see Cellulose esters, inorganic esters). 

TiF is a colorless, very hygroscopic soHd and is classified as a soft fluorinating reagent (4), fluorinating chlorosilanes to fluorosilanes at 100°C. It also forms adducts, some of them quite stable, with ammonia, pyridine, and ethanol. TiF sublimes at 285.5°C, and melts at temperatures >400° C. It is soluble in water, alcohol, and pyridine, hydroly2ing in the former, and has a density of 2.79 g/mL. 

In methacrylic ester polymers, the glass-transition temperature, is influenced primarily by the nature of the alcohol group as can be seen in Table 1. Below the the polymers are hard, brittle, and glass-like above the they are relatively soft, flexible, and mbbery. At even higher temperatures, depending on molecular weight, they flow and are tacky. Table 1 also contains typical values for the density, solubiHty parameter, and refractive index for various methacrylic homopolymers. 

Plasticizer Efficiency. This is a measure of the concentration of plasticizer required to impart a specified softness to PVC. Such a softness of material may be measured as a British Standard Softness (BSS) or a Shore hardness (Pig. 1). Por a given acid constituent of plasticizer ester, ie, phthalate, adipate, etc, plasticizer efficiency decreases as the carbon number of the alcohol chain increases, eg, for phthalate esters efficiency decreases in the order DBP > DIHP > DOP > DINP > DIDP > DTDP. An additional six parts per hundred in PVC of DIDP rather than DOP is required to give a hardness of Shore 80 when ah. other formulation ingredients remain constant. The consequence of this depends on the overall formulation and product costs. In addition to size of the carbon number of the alcohol chain, the amount of branching is also significant the more linear isomers are of greater efficiency. 

Gum Elemi. This resin, tapped from trees in the Philippines, contains a higher concentration of essential oils than other natural resins. It is a soft, sticky, plastic material that can be deformed manually. Gum elemi [9000-75-3] contains 20—25% essential oils, 13—19% acids, 30—35% resenes (condensed decarboxylated resin acids), and 20—25% terpenic resinols (condensed terpene alcohols). It has an acid number of 20—35 and a saponification number of 20—40. Gum elemi is a film-forming plasticizing resin used in lacquers. 

Mastic. Most commercial mastic [61789-92-2] is collected on the Greek island of Chios, near the Turkish coast. It is a soft resin with a softening point of 55°C. It has an acid number of 50—70 and a saponification number of 62—90. It is soluble in alcohols and aryl hydrocarbons. Mastic is used in wood coatings, lacquers, adhesives, and printing inks. 

Pilsner. Pilsner is a pale beer with a medium hoppy taste. It contains 3.9—4.7% by vol alcohol and is traditionally lagered 2—3 months. The water for this type of beer is soft and contains a small amount of salt. Some 70—80% of all beer consumed in the world is of this light-lager type. 

Tissue Conditioners. Tissue conditioners are gels designed to alleviate the discomfort from soft-tissue injury, eg, extractions. Under a load, they exhibit viscous flow, forming a soft cushion between the hard denture and the oral tissues. The polymer in tissue conditioners is often the same as that used for resilient liners. The liquid is a plasticizer containing an alcohol of low volatility (219,220). 

The soft rose-like and similar odours of the di-olefinic alcohols of the geraniol type. 

The soft heavier odours of the cyclo substituted aliphatic alcohols such as benzyl and phenyl-ethyl alcohols. 

Lanrinic or duodecylic alcohol has a soft and not very strong hut delicate odour. These alcohols can he used in much greater quantities than the corresponding aldehydes. The latter are only admissible in a... 

Ethyl Cinnamate.—The cinnamic ester of ethyl alcohol is a natural constituent of a few essential oils, including camphor oil and storax. It is formed synthetically by condensing cinnamic acid and ethyl alcohol by dry hydrochloric acid gas. It has a soft and sweet odour, and is particularly suitable for blending in soap perfumes. It is an oil at ordinary temperatures, melting at 12°, and boiling at 271°. Its specific gravity is 1 0546, and its refractive index 1 5590. 

All polyethylenes are soft, flexible and resistant to acids and alkalis up to 60°C. They retain this flexibility down to —40°C. Hence they have good resistance to impact even at low temperatures. However, unless correctly formulated they can suffer from environmental stress cracking (ESC), poor adhesion and UV degradation. ESC is the phenomenon which occurs when a thermoplastic is put under stress, e.g. bent, in a particular environment and prematurely cracks or crazes. Alcohol and detergent are examples of agents that can cause ESC in polyethylenes. 

A two-liter plastic soft drink bottle can withstand a pressure of 5 atm. Half a cup (approximately 120 mL) of ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH (d = 0.789 g/mL), is poured into a soft drink bottle at room temperature. The bottle is then heated to 100°C (3 significant figures), changing the liquid alcohol to a gas. Will the soft drink bottle withstand the pressure, or will it explode ... 

The foam volume and stability of alcohol sulfates is relatively increased in hard water compared to soft water. The amount and quality of foam is dependent on the alkyl length. Sulfates with C12-C,4 alkyl chains produce the richest creamy foam with small bubbles. C8-C10 alcohol sulfates are foam depressants and C16-C18 alcohol sulfates are poor foaming surfactants. Foams produced by alcohol sulfates are also relatively stable in the presence of sebum. Sodium and ammonium alcohol sulfates foam better than triethanolamine alcohol sulfates. Alcohol ether sulfates produce lighter foams than those of alcohol... 

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