Sodium versus Potassium

The author remarked that this was particularly easy for the alkali metals of group lA because the differences in ionic radius are greatest (0.35 A). 

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Flowers, T.J. Lauchli, A. (1983). Sodium versus potassium substitution and... 

Figure 5 Concentrations of soluble elements in CM chondrites, illustrating the restricted compositional range of these elements in chondrites with variable degrees of alteration, (a) Sodium versus potassium and (b) manganese versus calcium (sources Kallemeyn and Wasson, 1981 Jarosewich, 1990).

A third method of estimating solvent basicity is provided by the donor number concept 14 ). The donor number of a solvent is the enthalpy of reaction, measured in kcal per mole, between the solvent and a Lewis add such as antimony (V) chloride. (Other Lewis acids, such as iodine or trimethyltin chloride, may be used, but the scale most often reported is that for SbCl5.) Available values for the SbCls donor number have been included in Table 1. Plots of the Walden product versus solvent basicity (A//SbC1 ) for several solvents are shown for lithium, sodium, and potassium ions in Fig. 10 and for the tetraalkylammon-... 

McDonald JTand Margen S (1979) Wine versus ethanol in human nutrition. II. Fluid, sodium, and potassium balance. Am J Clin Nutr 32 817-822. 

Fig. 10. Plot of e versus rf for the modified Coulomb potential. Experimental data for lithium, sodium, and potassium.

Indeed, PAAc cryogels coupled with a bromate oscillator oscillated between swollen and collapsed states [31]. The reactions of bromate, sulfite, and ferrocyanide ions were conducted in an open continuously stirred tank reactor. Four feed solutions (potassium bromate, sodium sulfite, potassium ferrocyanide, and sulfuric acid) were supplied continuously to the reactor, during which the pH of the reaction solution was monitored as a function of time. The flow rate of the feed solutions is an important parameter in determining the extent of pH oscillations. In Fig. 21, pH versus time plots are shown for four different reduced flow rates k, defined as the flow rate of the feed solutions divided by the reaction volume. It is seen that the pH of the solution oscillates between 6.2-6.9 and 3.2-3.8. The dissociation degree a of a weak electrolyte relates to pH by ... 

Wolf and Schwieger [65] described the exchange of sodium ions of the Her silicate by potassium ions and protons as well as the exchange of magadiite sodium ions by potassium ions, lithium ions, and protons. The diagrams in Figure 16 clearly show the selectivity for sodium versus lithium and potassium ions i.e., the equivalent fraction of the lithium and potassium ions on the silicate is... 

Figure 9.13. Effect of electrolytes on the partition coefficient of tryptophan, represented by plots of In(ATx) versus 100/ IVo for 0.1 A/ AOT and for the following electrolytes , calcium O, strontium A, sodium A, potassium chlorides. (Reprinted with permission from ref. (37b), copyright 1990, the American Chemical Society)...

A further application of this methodology was made under microwave conditions (800 W). Using cesium acetate again proved to be more effective than using sodium or potassium acetate. The microwave conditions enabled the reaction times to be completed in minutes versus the normal 8 h under classical heating. The advantage of cesium acetate was also seen in its reduction of reaction time (10 min) versus potassium and sodium acetate, which took up to an hour to reach completion. A slight increase in yield was also found when pyridine was added to the reaction mixture. ... 

When exposed to ait, the sodium salts tend to take up moisture and form dihydrates. The alkah metal xanthates are soluble ia water, alcohols, the lower ketones, pyridine, and acetonitrile. They are not particularly soluble ia nonpolar solvents, eg, ether or ligroin. The solubiUties of a number of these salts are Hsted ia Table 4. Potassium isopropyl xanthate is soluble ia acetone to ca 6 wt %, whereas the corresponding methyl, ethyl, / -propyl, n-huty isobutyl, isoamyl, and benzyl [2720-79-8] xanthates are soluble to more than 10 wt % (12). The solubiUties of the commercially available xanthates ia water are plotted versus temperature ia Figure 1 (14). 

A base is any material that produces hydroxide ions when it is dissolved in water. The words alkaline, basic, and caustic are often used synonymously. Common bases include sodium hydroxide (lye), potassium hydroxide (potash lye), and calcium hydroxide (slaked lime). The concepts of strong versus weak bases, and concentrated versus dilute bases are exactly analogous to those for acids. Strong bases such as sodium hydroxide dissociate completely while weak bases such as the amines dissociate only partially. As with acids, bases can be either inorganic or organic. Typical reactions of bases include neutralization of acids, reaction with metals, and reaction with salts ... 

Vareltzis, K.R and Buck, E.M., Color stability and sensory attributes of chicken frankfurters made with betalains and potassium sorbate versus sodium nitrite, J. Food Protect., 47, 41, 1984. 

Side effects from crystalloids primarily involve fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances of sodium, potassium, and chloride.23 Dilution of coagulation factors can also occur resulting in a dilutional coagulopathy.24 Two clinically significant reasons LR is different from NS is that LR contains potassium and has a lower sodium content (130 versus 154 mEq/L or mmol/L). Thus, LR has a greater potential than NS to cause... 

Procedure Use a suitable atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a sodium hollow-cathode lamp and an oxidizing air-acetylene flame. After using the Blank Solution to zero the instrument, concomitantly determine the absorbances of the Standard Solutions and the Test Solution at the sodium emission line of 589 nm. Plot the absorbances of the Standard Solutions versus concentration, in micrograms per milliliter, of sodium, and draw the straight line that best fits the plotted points. From the graph so obtained, determine the concentration, C, in micrograms per milliliter, of sodium in the Test Solution. Calculate the percentage of sodium in the portion of potassium lactate taken by the formula... 

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