Short notes on

The factors A, B,C and D etc. are known as first, second, third, fourth etc. virial coefficients (Greek virial = force). 

At low pressures, the coefficient A (which is equal to RT) is important and others cancel out. At increasing pressures, other coefficients become significant. 

The above equation known as vander Waals reduced equation of state does not involve vander Waals constants as well as gas constant, hence it is a general equation applicable to all substances. 

From equation (1), if two substances have the same reduced temperature ( SJ and the same reduced pressure (n), they will have the same reduced volume ( ). This statement is known as law of corresponding states. In other words, two or more substances having the same reduced temperature and same reduced pressure and thus having the same reduced volume, are said to be in corresponding states. 

Importance While studying the relationship between physical properties and chemical constitution of various liquids, their properties should be studied at the same reduced temperature as pressure has practically no effect on liquids. It is seen that the boiling point of a liquid on absolute scale is nearly two-thirds of its critical temperature. Various liquids at their boiling points are thus very nearly in corresponding states and to study their physical properties at the same reduced temperature, these should be studied at their boiling points. 

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The importance of dissolution will be discussed in more detail later. A short note on the topic is, however, necessary at this point. According to Noyes-Whitney [18] ... 

Prepd from.. .. A short note on how 1-bromobutane has been prepared, and references to the original literature (journals). 

Insect cell physiology has been extensively studied and excellent reviews are already available [42-44]. In this part, key aspects of insect cells/baculovirus technology are discussed, the issues addressed being insect cell hne selection, with emphasis on cell productivity, baculovirus-cell interactions and, to finalise, a short note on the metabofic differences between infected and non-infect-ed cells. 

Farag, H.F., Ragab, M., Salem, A. and Sadek, N. (1986) A short note on praziquantel in human fascioliasis. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89, 79-80. 

Or, Write a short note on continuity of stale. (Meerut 2002,2000)... 

Problem 4 Define and discuss or write short notes on the following ... 

Although the flame appears to represent the most versatile means to vaporize a sample, it is limited to materials dissolved in a liquid that can be aspirated. Furthermore, some elements fail to produce effective vapors in ordinary flames. Several other methods of vaporization have been described, which are applicable to samples in the solid state and to elements not amenable to measurement in the flame. A short note on the application of atomic absorption to solids has been published (SI) but no details are given. 

Miiller-Navarra, S. H., Lange, W., 2004. Modelling tides in the Baltic Sea—short note on the harmonic analysis of a one-year water level time series. Proceedings of the 6th HIROMB Scientific Workshop. St. Petersburg 2003, pp. 16-20. 

Drzymala, J. and Lekki, J.. A short note on isoelectric point of oleic acid in aqueous emulsions, Prace Nauk. Instytutu Gomictwa Politechniki Wroclawskiej, 65, 43, 1992. 

Kruja, E., Marks, J., Blair, A. and Waters, R. (2002) A short note on the history of graph drawing, in Proceedings of International Symposium on Graph Drawing, Springer-Verlag, Berlin,... 

In Chapter 1 we briefly described an interface as a layer with uncompensated intermolecular forces. The thermodynamics of a liquid interfaces covered with a soluble or insoluble monolayer layer has been describe in detail by many other competent authors and we want to present only the thermodynamic basis needed for the subsequent chapters of this book. Let us consider the interface between water and air. The specific properties of the bulk water, e.g. the freezing point, boiling point, vapour pressure, viscosity, cluster formation and hydrophobic bonds, are well described by long and short-range intermolecular forces and strong and weak intramolecular forces. Israelachvili recently (1992) remarked in a short note on the usefulness of this classification, although it is not clear whether the same interaction is counted twice or two normally distinct interactions are strongly coupled. 

Domingo Kohler S, Spitzbarth M, Diederichs K, Exner TE, Drescher M (2011) A short note on the analysis of distance measurements by electron paramagnetic resonance. J Magn Reson 208 167-170... 

There have been reports on resonance in several aqueous-organic solvent mixtures, C1 and Br resonancesand line-widths in methanol water mixtures, and a short note on C1 in mixtures of water with DMSO and acetonitrile. ... 

In Formulas 70—80, additional modern or fairly modern (i.e. W.W. II or later) recipes are presented with short notes on their specific properties and applications, in general, the historical position of a formula can be gaged by the prescription or absence of certain ingredients. Natural gums, asphaltum (gilsonite), castor oil, and hexachloroben-zene usually mean that the formula dates back to the forties. PVC, Laminae, and ammonium perchlorate appeared in the fifties or later. Dye Markers... 

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