Sodium, abundance

The sodium abundance in the ISM is also higher than expected from what would be produced by supernovae alone, especially in the content of interplanetary dust particles. It may be that stellar winds and planetary nebulae play a large role in delivering sodium into the universe. 

Figure Cl. 1.2. (a) Mass spectmm of sodium clusters (Na ), N= 4-75. The inset corresponds to A = 75-100. Note tire more abundant clusters at A = 8, 20, 40, 58, and 92. (b) Calculated relative electronic stability, A(A + 1) - A(A0 versus N using tire spherical electron shell model. The closed shell orbitals are labelled, which correspond to tire more abundant clusters observed in tire mass spectmm. Knight W D, Clemenger K, de Heer W A, Saunders W A, Chou M Y and Cohen ML 1984 Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 2141, figure 1.

Knight W D, Clemenger K, de Heer W A, Saunders W A, Chou M Y and Cohen M L 1984 Electron shell structure and abundances of sodium clusters Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 2141... 

Aluminium is not found free but its compounds are so widespread that it is the most abundant metal in the earth s crust. Aluminosilicates such as clay, kaolin (or china clay), mica and feldspar are well known and widely distributed. The oxide. AI2O3. occurs (anhydrous) as corundum and emery, and (hydrated) as bauxite. Cryolite. Na,AlF. (sodium hexafluoroaluminate). is found extensively in Greenland. 

Sodium is present in fair abundance in the sun and stars. The D lines of sodium are among the most prominent in the solar spectrum. Sodium is the fourth most abundant element on earth, comprising about 2.6% of the earth s crust it is the most abundant of the alkali group of metals. 

A significant fraction of the body s cholesterol is used to form bile acids Oxidation m the liver removes a portion of the CsHi7 side chain and additional hydroxyl groups are intro duced at various positions on the steroid nucleus Cholic acid is the most abundant of the bile acids In the form of certain amide derivatives called bile salts, of which sodium tau rocholate is one example bile acids act as emulsifying agents to aid the digestion of fats... 

Sodium and Potassium. Whereas sodium ion is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid, potassium ion is the most abundant in the intracellular fluid. Small amounts of K" are requited in the extracellular fluid to maintain normal muscle activity. Some sodium ion is also present in intracellular fluid (see Fig. 5). Common food sources rich in potassium may be found in Table 7. Those rich in sodium are Hsted in Table 8. 

Calcium Phosphates. The alkaline-earth phosphates are generally much less soluble than those of the alkaH metals. Calcium phosphates include the most abundant natural form of phosphoms, ie, apatites, Ca2Q(P0 3X2, where X = OH, F, Cl, etc. Apatite ores are the predominant basic raw material for the production of phosphoms and its derivatives. Calcium phosphates are the main component of bones and teeth. After sodium phosphates, the calcium salts are the next largest volume technical- and food-grade phosphates. Many commercial appHcations of the calcium phosphates depend on thek low solubiHties. 

Potassium and sodium share the position of the seventh most abundant element on earth. Common minerals such as alums, feldspars, and micas are rich in potassium. Potassium metal, a powerful reducing agent, does not exist in nature. 

Most abundant group of materials, composed of silicates of aluminium with sodium, potassium, calcium, and rarely barium. Most economically important mineral. Used for ceramics, glass, abrasive wheels, cements, insulation and fertilizer. 

The seventh element in order of abundance in the Earth s crust is potassium - about the same as sfjdium with similar properties. While sodium is readily available from the ocean, potassium is found and extracted from many mineral formations. About 90 percent of the potassium that is extracted goes to the production of fertilizers. Other purposes for it are ceramics and fire extinguishers for which potassium bicarbonate is better than sodium bicarbonate. 

Sodium, 22 700 ppm (2.27%) is the seventh most abundant element in crustal rocks and the fifth most abundant metal, after Al, Fe, Ca and Mg. Potassium (18 400 ppm) is the next most abundant element after sodium. Vast deposits of both Na and K salts occur in relatively pure form on all continents as a result of evaporation of ancient seas, and this process still continues today in the Great Salt Lake (Utah), the Dead Sea and elsewhere. Sodium occurs as rock-salt (NaCl) and as the carbonate (trona), nitrate (saltpetre), sulfate (mirabilite), borate (borax, kemite), etc. Potassium occurs principally as the simple chloride (sylvite), as the double chloride KCl.MgCl2.6H2O (camallite) and the anhydrous sulfate K2Mg2(S04)3 (langbeinite). There are also unlimited supplies of NaCl in natural brines and oceanic waters ( 30kgm ). Thus, it has been calculated that rock-salt equivalent to the NaCl in the oceans of the world would occupy... 

Sodium chloride, by far the most abundant compound of chlorine, occurs in extensive evaporite deposits, saline lakes and brines, and in... 

Many metals occur in crude oils. Some of the more abundant are sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, iron, vanadium, and nickel. They are present either as inorganic salts, such as sodium and magnesium chlorides, or in the form of organometallic compounds, such as those of nickel and vanadium (as in porphyrins). Calcium and magnesium can form salts or soaps with carboxylic acids. These compounds act as emulsifiers, and their presence is undesirable. 

Although sodium carbonate is needed in the manufacture of glass, very little is found in nature. It is made using two very abundant chemicals, calcium carbonate (marble) and sodium chloride (salt). The process involves many steps, but the overall reaction is... 

Sodium (fifth most abundant element) is found principally as Na+ ion in water soluble salt deposits, such as NaCl, and in salt waters. The element reacts rapidly with water and with atmospheric oxygen, hence is not found in an uncombined state in nature. 

Aluminum is the most abundant metallic element in the Earth s crust and, after oxygen and silicon, the third most abundant element (see Fig. 14.1). However, the aluminum content in most minerals is low, and the commercial source of aluminum, bauxite, is a hydrated, impure oxide, Al203-xH20, where x can range from 1 to 3. Bauxite ore, which is red from the iron oxides that it contains (Fig. 14.23), is processed to obtain alumina, A1203, in the Bayer process. In this process, the ore is first treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide, which dissolves the amphoteric alumina as the aluminate ion, Al(OH)4 (aq). Carbon dioxide is then bubbled through the solution to remove OH ions as HCO and to convert some of the aluminate ions into aluminum hydroxide, which precipitates. The aluminum hydroxide is removed and dehydrated to the oxide by heating to 1200°C. 

Chemists use many different liquid solvents, but we focus most of our attention on water. When water Is the solvent, the solution Is said to be aqueous. A rich array of chemistry occurs in aqueous solution, including many geological and biochemical processes. Aqueous solutions dominate the chemistry of the Earth and the biosphere. The oceans, for instance, are rich broths of various cations and anions, sodium and chloride being the most abundant. The oceans can be thought of as huge aqueous solvent vessels for the remarkably complex chemistry of our world. Blood is an... 

Table 8 5 shows that each of the four common s-block ions is abundant not only in seawater but also in body fluids, where these ions play essential biochemical roles. Sodium is the most abundant cation in fluids that are outside of cells, and proper functioning of body cells requires that sodium concentrations be maintained within a narrow range. One of the main functions of the kidneys is to control the excretion of sodium. Whereas sodium cations are abundant in the fluids outside of cells, potassium cations are the most abundant ions in the fluids inside cells. The difference in ion concentration across cell walls is responsible for the generation of nerve impulses that drive muscle contraction. If the difference in potassium ion concentration across cell walls deteriorates, muscular activity, including the regular muscle contractions of the heart, can be seriously disrupted. 

Even though silicon is extremely abundant, only one silicon-containing compound appears in the list of top 50 industrial chemicals. That is sodium silicate, Na2 Si03, used for the manufacture of silica gel and glass. Nevertheless, with the advent of the electronic age silicon has become an extremely important substance that is the primary ingredient of most semiconductors. Because these are microscale devices, the quantity of production of silicon remains small compared with that of fertilizers and construction materials. Although relatively small in quantity, the value of silicon products is quite high. 

Because carotenes lack heteroatoms such as oxygen to which protons or sodium cations might attach, no ions are usually detected for these hydrocarbon compounds during ESI in positive mode, although protonated molecules and sodium adducts were observed for xanthophyUs under normal conditions with MeOH, MTBE, and H2O as a mobile phase from HPLC. Addition of a heptafluorobutanol oxidant at 0.1 or 0.5% produced abundant molecular ions of p-carotene with high reproducibility. Substitution of MeOH for acetonitrile produced similar limits of detection. ... 

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