Socio-economic context

By gender, age, and educational attainment, in recent years the burden of unemployment has weighed more heavily on younger workers and on those with less than a completed secondary education (Table 38). In the last few years unemployment 

Year Civilian labor force (in thousands) Labor force participation (%) Total Male Female (16 and over) (20 and over) (20 and over) Unemployment rate total (16 and over) Long-term unemployment rate (27 weeks or more) 

Source. USDOL, BLS, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey [Online] 

21 Layard and Calmfors (1987) argued the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) was about 5%. More recently, Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspan suggested, by his actions, that the NAIRU was below 4.5% of the labour force. 

Year Total (16+) Gender (16+) Age (average me inthlv) Education (ages 25-64)  

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The above few examples (more are discussed later in this book) show that a very rapid change in priorities, methodologies and issues has occurred in chemistry over the last few years, driven by the fast evolving socio-economical context. There is thus the need to re-consider chemistry in the light of these changes, in addition to the motivations discussed before, for example, to re-address the topic from the point of view of sustainable industrial chemistry, the aim of this book. The present book... 

Water resource management strategies need to balance water supply and demand, particularly in the context of droughts or floods, and contend with problems such as diffuse and point source pollution, poor water quality and ecosystem degradation, all within local political and socio-economic frameworks. As water use in one location may influence water quality and availability in another, it is becoming... 

Kalabin (2000) accomplished a study of the environmental dynamics and industrial potential of the Murmansk region, the most urbanized and industrially developed trans-polar region on the planet. Under these conditions, certain features of environmental dynamics are affected by increased anthropogenic impacts. In this context, Kalabin (2000) analyzed critical environmental loads for some of the northern ecosystems and emphasized the need to investigate their assimilation (buffer) capacity as a principal aspect for the sustainable functioning of natural systems. The solution to regional problems of sustainable development requires a careful analysis of the interaction between ecodynamics and socio-economic development. 

Environment Distal factors (socio-econom ic,education, culture) Proximal factors Gender Context Prior experience Parent attitude Social support (parent teacher, peers, friends) General awareness ... 

What has happed to the treated population is an example of something that is now well known public health is the most sensitive indicator of the socio-economic conditions of a country. Public health policies and actions must be part of the context of the general policies of the country. Otherwise results can be counter-productive. This does not deny, however, the high priority of health actions conducive to the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders. 

As one, critics noted the documentary nature of the film. The scenes showing the apprenticeship seem larger than life (Ferenzi, 2103). The narrative places each protagonist and situation in a specific professional context, indicative of current socio-economic reality (De Bruyn, 2013). This almost documentary-like immersion demonstrates to the pubic the reality of workers in the nuclear sector (Bernheim, 2013). 

Alongside these customary, politico-judicial manifestations of power is the informal socio-economic collective power of the community which links community members through collective access to, and management of, key hvelihood resources. How this form of power is exercised has great relevance to the way in which environmental stress and shocks are absorbed by the community and how they configure mobility decisions in that context. For example, in most of the rural locations of our study, people pay for the water they collect from weUs the funds are then reinvested for the maintenance and future exploitation of water sources, which in turn conditions the extent to which livelihoods can be sustained, and out-migration resisted. 

These findings therefore lay the foundations for continuing research in two main areas first, on questioning the viabilty of adaptation—currently promoted as the primary response to environmental stress—in situations where power is so unequally available and second, on the greater significance of understanding the socio-economic and cultural determinants of livelihoods at the household level which shape mobility decisions in the context of environmental stress, with less attention paid to the role of so-called environmental drivers per se. 

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