Soaps synthetic detergents

Good to excellent resistance to bleaches, soaps, synthetic detergents, dry-cleaning agents, sea water, and perspiration. May he soluble in some phenolic compounds. 

The hydrophilic part of the most effective soluble surfactants (e.g. soaps, synthetic detergents and dyestuffs) is often an ionic group. Ions have a strong affinity for water owing to their electrostatic attraction to the water dipoles and are capable of pulling fairly long hydrocarbon chains into solution with them for example, palmitic acid, which is virtually un-ionised, is insoluble in water, whereas sodium palmitate, which is almost completely ionised, is soluble (especially above its Krafft temperature - see page 93). 

In textile literature, any foreign matter present in or on fiber or fabric, i.e., dirt, oil, grease, etc. These are usually removable by the action of soap, synthetic detergents, or organic solvents. 

Traditional soap is the sodium salt of long-chain carboxylic acids, made from NaOH and animal fats. Replacing Na by K reduces the melting point and is used for liquid soaps. Synthetic detergents are... 

Like soaps, synthetic detergents combine hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions in the same molecule. Hydrophobic regions are generally alkyl groups or... 

Table 5.1 Conosion Data for Zinc and Zinc Coatings with Detergents, Cleaners, Soaps, Synthetic Detergents (Syndets), etc. 

The generation of a precipitate, often called soap scum, limits the usefulness of soap. To circumvent this problem, chemists have developed synthetic detergents that do not form precipitates when used with hard water. Like soap, synthetic detergents also... 

Detergents are substances including soaps that cleanse by micellar action A large number of synthetic detergents are known One example is sodium lauryl sulfate Sodium lauryl sulfate has a long hydrocarbon chain terminating m a polar sulfate ion and forms soap like micelles m water... 

The solubihty characteristics of sodium acyl isethionates allow them to be used in synthetic detergent (syndet) bars. Complex blends of an isethionate and various soaps, free fatty acids, and small amounts of other surfactants reportedly are essentially nonirritant skin cleansers (66). As a rule, the more detersive surfactants, for example alkyl sulfates, a-olefin sulfonates, and alkylaryl sulfonates, are used in limited amounts in skin cleansers. Most skin cleansers are compounded to leave an emollient residue on the skin after rinsing with water. Free fatty acids, alkyl betaines, and some compatible cationic or quaternary compounds have been found to be especially useful. A mildly acidic environment on the skin helps control the growth of resident microbial species. Detergent-based skin cleansers can be formulated with abrasives to remove scaly or hard-to-remove materials from the skin. 

One principal use of cyclohexanol has been in the manufacture of esters for use as plasticizers (qv), ie, cyclohexyl and dicyclohexyl phthalates. In the finishes industry, cyclohexanol is used as a solvent for lacquers, shellacs, and varnishes. Its low volatiUty helps to improve secondary flow and to prevent blushing. It also improves the miscibility of cellulose nitrate and resin solutions and helps maintain homogeneity during drying of lacquers. Reaction of cyclohexanol with ammonia produces cyclohexylamine [108-91-8], a corrosion inhibitor. Cyclohexanol is used as a stabilizer and homogenizer for soaps and synthetic detergent emulsions. It is used also by the textile industry as a dye solvent and kier-boiling assistant (see Dye carriers). 

Detergents are designed to be effective in hard water, meaning water containing calcium salts that fonn insoluble calcium caiboxylates with soaps. These precipitates rob the soap of its cleansing power and fonn an unpleasant scum. The calcium salts of synthetic detergents such as sodium lauryl sulfate, however, are soluble and retain then- micelle-fonning ability even in hard water. 

Detergents (Section 19.5) Substances that clean by micellar action. Although the term usually refers to a synthetic detergent, soaps are also detergents. 

---