Snowball method

It can happen that you need literature not noted in this book. Maybe you want to know what is already known about a certain protein/process/technique, whether this or that protein has already been investigated with this or that method, and so on. There is, of course, MEDline and such you enter keywords on your PC and it searches for suitable abstracts. This is good. This is useful. However, the snowball method (Kramer 1992) appears to be a necessary supplement to the electronic searching methods. What you get out of the computer depends on what you enter and what turns up. Only rarely do you stumble over unusual papers and new ideas. Also, going to the library cannot be avoided. Finally, depending on the system, the electronically available content often lags behind the journals by weeks or months. 

Of course, the snowball method also has disadvantages. For example, information can escape you because the library does not have the particular journal or because you do not like the journal. And, for some reason, authors sometimes place their article in a journal where it does not belong. Also, the method is time consuming for beginners who are not familiar with the thematic focus of the journals. Finally, every now and then you get caught in a citation circle. This is a ring of researchers who exclusively cite each other. The works of others are ignored and you thus do not find them with the snowball method. However, in the natural sciences exclusive citation circles are rare (they seem to be a specialty of the social and political sciences). 

When you squeeze snow to make a snowball, you are hot-pressing a ceramic. Hot-pressing of powders is one of several standard sintering methods used to form ceramics which require methods appropriate to their special properties. 

Distribution of the questionnaire was predominantly achieved through a snowball sampling method of university and professional networks in Daegu, Daejon, and Seoul in Korea in 2001. During this period, a total of 1176 questionnaires were collected, of which 824 were validated as useful... 

Granules are particles with a more or less spherical shape. The diameter of these particles can be between 2-30 mm. Granulation is widely used in other fields of technology, if spherical particles are needed. The principle of the shaping method is best described by the snowball effect. A round dish (see Fig. 8.10) is used, which is rotating about an inclined axis, the angle of inclination of which is variable. Small particles are fed into the dish. At the same time a cohesive slurry... 

Spheronizing processes for particles in the millimetre range may be classified into methods which rely on the build-up of smaller particles into spheres by means of a rolling, or snowball technique (see granulation), and those which form spheres by individually shaping particles. The production costs are low for the first technique, but the spheres are irregular and there is a broad particle size distribution. The spheres manufactured by individual shaping are more expensive,... 

The control of inventory of main comjjonents and impurities are interrelated with the design of reactors and separators. For the main components the reactor inventory and the make-up policy plays the most important role. In handling the inventory of impurities the design of separators and the interactions through recycles are determinant. Snowball effects are possible if the positive feedback is not compensated. Chemical conversion of impurities in benign material is an efficient method to avoid their accumulation in recycles. 

Studies on two methods of snow conveying have been carried out in order to remove snow from narrow streets and narrow areas around houses. These systems are based on the use of a blower with a pipeline, and one of them conveys snow in flie natural forms without any artificial processing, i.e., in dispersed granular or small block forms. The other system conveys snow in the form of snowballs which are formed by compressed air of another machine. 

An important point should be emphasized here— namely, that the snowball effect in D and F, while resulting from a particular control structure, is a steady-state phenomenon. In that sense, it is similar to the RGA, which is also a measure of steady-state sensitivities. Luyben (1994) suggested an alternative control method that was intended to reduce the snowball effect in D and F. We investigate a variation of his proposed method next. 

Channels to dispel rumors and correct information Interactive mapping Rapid updating of traditional media Alternative method of seeking aid for survivors Linking to more detailed information on other platforms Ability to snowball information by re-tweeting... 

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