Snakes Thamnophis sirtalis

Graves R.M., Halpem M. and Gillingham J.C. (1993). Effects of vomeronasal system deafferentation on home range use in a natural population of Eastern Garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis. Anim Behav 45, 307-311. 

Lanuza E. and Halpem M. (1997). Afferent and efferent connections of the nucleus sphericus in the snake Thamnophis sirtalis convergence of olfactory and vomeronasal information in the lateral cortex and the amygdala. J Comp Neurol 385, 627-640. 

Chlordane residue data for amphibians and reptiles are extremely limited. Maximum concentrations of chlordane isomers did not exceed 70 pg/kg FW of oxychlordane in eggs of the American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus, or 250 pg/kg FW in carcass of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis (Table 13.2). However, California newts, Tarichia torosa, taken near a lake treated with 10 pg/L technical chlordane had greatly elevated chlordane residues in liver and comparatively low concentrations in carcass, stomach, and stomach contents. After 14 days, livers contained about 34 mg/kg total chlordanes lipid weight — about 19% chlordanes, 9% nonachlors, and 6% chlor-denes (Albright et al. 1980). After 2.8 years, 98% of the total chlordanes was lost. 7ra .v-nonachlor was the most persistent component in newt liver, accounting for up to 55% of the total chlordanes in specimens collected 2.8 years after application (Table 13.2) (Albright et al. 1980). 

Northern water snake, Nerodia sipedon, Lake Michigan, 1978, chlordanes, all tissues, stomach contents Common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, Lake ND 30... 

LeMaster, M.P. and Mason, R.T. (2001) Evidence for a female sex pheromone mediating male trailing behavior in the red-sided garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis. Chemoecology 11, 149-152. 

Experimental data suggest that VN stimuli might also play a relevant role in prey-predator interactions by mediating affective responses to prey or predator chemical cues. For instance, one of the preferred prey for the snake Thamnophis sirtalis is earthworms. Halpern (1988) demonstrated that earthworm wash constitutes a VN stimulus that is rewarding for these snakes. On the other hand, it has been shown that rats display defensive reactions to a collar that has been worn by a cat, even if they have no previous experience with cats. For these defensive behavioral responses to occur, direct contact with the collar is needed (Dielenberg and McGregor 2001). 

Patterns of Tongue-Flicking by Garter Snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) during Presentation of Chemicals under Varying Conditions... 

Six juvenile garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis and Thamnophis radix), three of each sex, were used in this study. The snakes were housed individually in ventilated plastic containers. During earthworm extract trailing and the foraging task snakes were fed earthworms only in the maze. During airborne delivery of odors and open field exploration snakes were fed earthworms once a week, just before a two day weekend during which they were not tested. Water was available ad libitum. 

Burghardt, G.M. (1970). Intraspecific geographical variation in chemical food cue preferences of newborn garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis). Behav. 36, 246-257. 

Wilde, W.S. (1938) the role of Jacobson s organ in the feeding reaction of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis. J.Exper. Zool. 77, 445—465. 

Zuri, I. and Halpem, M. (2003) Differential effects of lesions of the vomeronasal and olfactory nerves on garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) response to airborne chemical stimuli. Behav. Neurosci. 117, 169-183. 

In garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis) a VNO-mediated stimulus can reinforce behavior dried earthworm wash or earthworm bits can be used to reward correct performance in a conditioned response to an arbitrary stimulus, such as dots versus stripes in a Y-maze (Halpern etal., 1985). In red-eared turtles the VNO is considered to involve aqueous chemoreception in water. Salt solutions and soluble vapor substances generated activity in the accessory olfactory bulb (Hatanaka and Hanada, 1987). 

Neonate garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis, and brown snakes distinguish conspecific from heterospecific odors (Burghardt 1977, 1983). Newborn timber rattlesnakes, Crotalus horridus, are able to follow conspecific odor trails (Brown and MacLean, 1983). Neonate water snakes are attracted to conspecific odor (Scudder et ah, 1980) and neonate prairie rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis, to lipoids from the epidermis of adult conspecifics (Graves etal., 1987). 

Arnold, S. J. (1978). Some effects of early experience on feeding responses in the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. Animal Behaviour 26,455-462. 

Chemical prey preference polymorphism in newborn garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis M. Behavior 52,202-225. 

Costanzo, J. P. (1989). Conspecific scent trailing by garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) during autumn. Journal ofChemicalEcobgy 15,2531-2538. 

LeMaster, M. P., Moore, I. T., and Mason, R. T. (2001). Conspecific trailing behavior of redsided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, in the natural environment. Animal... 

Similarly, the garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) is a common and widespread species in North America. This species achieves internal fertilization by copulation, incubates the eggs within the oviduct of the female, and gives birth to live young in the late summer. At birth, the young snakes are enclosed in an amniotic sac from which they quickly escape and then slither away to lead an independent life. 

Corn snake, Elaphe guttata, 445 Cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus, 435 Garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, 118,... 

Twenty-two cells from 22 adult garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis, were monitored for activation by prey stimuli. Prior to an experiment each snake was tested to ascertain that it would accept both earthworm and goldfish prey. Only snakes that ate both types of prey were used in this study. 

Sullivan, A. M., Maerz, J. C., and Madison D. M., 2002, Anti-predator response of red-backed sakunanders (Plethodon cinereus) to chemical cues fiom garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) laboratory and field experiments. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 51 227-233. 

Red-backed salamanders Plethodon cinereus) respond to distilled water rinses of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) that have recently attacked other red-backed salamanders (Madison et al., 2002). These anti-predator behaviors consist of avoidance (Madison et al., 1999a Mcdarby et al., 1999) and altered activity (Madison et al., 1999a), and have been documented in the laboratory and in the field (Sullivan et al., 2002). The responses persist for up to 36 hours in laboratory trials, but no longer than 3 hours in the field (Sullivan et al., 2002). Whether the attenuated response in the field is due to a diminishing of the cue or to field-based shifts in salamander behavior remains unclear. 

In seven years of studies, we have documented a highly predictable avoidance response in the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus, to body rinses from garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis, that have been feeding on P. cinereus (standard TSpc stimulus Madison et al., 1999a,b McDarby et al., 1999 Maerz et al., 2001 Madison et al., 2002 Sullivan et al., 2002, 2003). While we always get avoidance of TSpc, no such avoidance occurs in response to body rinses fi om garter snakes feeding on earthworms,... 

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