Sn-based materials

Sn-based materials include the tin oxides, tin alloys, and other tin-based... 

Indeed, the Sn-based materials suffer short cycle life. However, the studies indicated in this chapter proposes that by understanding the electrochemical phenomenon induced within the electrode during cycling with diversified viewpoints, Sn-based materials can be designed as the novel anode electrode for high-energy Li-ion battery. 

Selection. The widely used cathode materials iaclude Hg, Pb, Al, Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu, Sn, Cd, and C. Because of mechanical iaconvenience, mercury is not an attractive electrode material for large cells. The preferred material is lead or an amalgam. Because Pb is soft and has a tendency to deform, however, it presents some mechanical problems. The problems can be overcome by hot dip or electroplating on steel, copper, or other rigid base material. 

It was established that at direct AAS analysis of based materials with SoST on account of agglomeration process and low rate evaporation trace amounts of As, Bi, Sb and Sn into zone of analytical signal formation the range of so-called effective temperature heating T ) has arranged by not... 

The results obtained has been used at the development of effective direct AAS method determination of 0,05-1,0 ppm As, Bi, Sb and Sn in -based materials. At these values of relative standard deviation (5) does not exceed 0,25. 

Some theoretical prerequisites for application of modified and expanded graphites, Si- and Sn-based composites and alloys, electroconducting polymers as active materials, catalysts and electro-conductive additives for lithium - ion batteries, metal-air batteries and electrochemical capacitors are considered. The models and the main concepts of battery-related use for such materials are proposed. 

Tin oxide-based materials are potent oxidation and isomerization catalysts. Their bulk and surface properties, as well as their presumed mechanism in oxidation catalysis, have been reviewed (53j. Considerable uncertainty remains concerning the phase compositions, solid-solution range, and the redox behavior (Sn / Sn" vs. Sb WSb ) of these materials. Structural investigations have so far concentrated on the use of " Sn and Sb Mossbauer spectroscopy. Surprisingly, no " Sn solid-state NMR studies have appeared to date on this system, although it was recently demonstrated that isotropic " Sn chemical shifts and chemical shift anisotropies give characteristic fingerprints of the various tin coordination environments in Sn(IV) oxide compounds [54]. In situ C NMR has been used to study the double bond shift of 1-butene to t /.s-2-butene, and the subsequent cis-trans isomerization over tin antimony oxide catalysts [55 j. 

On a basis of trial and error it was noticed that a practical fuel cell attains higher performance employing ternary platinum based materials than employing the binary catalysts. During the last decade, the global observation reveals an increasing of performance for the H2/CO oxidation as well as for the MOR when a third element was added to the best bimetallic catalyst, the Pt-Ru [57] or Pt-Sn [58] based material. An overview of the preparation and structural characteristics of Pt-based ternary catalysts [59] and their electrochemical performance [60] was presented by AntoUni. Therein, all the relevant works before 2007 are found. In summary, many ternary Pt-Ru-M catalysts (M = Wi Wox or W2C form. Mo, Ir, Ni, Co, Rh, Os, V) perform better than commercial standard Pt-Ru catalysts and/or Pt-Ru catalysts prepared by the same method than the ternary. 

It is stated that this procedure is not applicable to determine SN values of sub-base or base materials having a modulus greater than 40,000 psi. For such cases, layer thickness of materials above a high modulus layer should be established on the basis of cost-effectiveness and minimum practical thickness considerations (AASHTO 1993). 

This report describes some of the recent work on the electrochemical and electrode applications of polymers which are electroactive and can be switched to an electrically conductive state, as well as the inherently conductive (SN. The materials fall into two general categories. There are the polymer tllms which can be prepared in situ by the electrochemical polymerization of aromatic compounds, and there are the polyenes such as polyacetylene and polythiazyl. Many of the electrode applications being considered are based on the. electroactive/conductive properties of the films such as display devices, and storage batteries. Some applications make use of the conductive property of the materials such as protective coatings against corrosion, and other applications make use of the possibility for molecular selectivity such as chemically selective electrodes and sensors. 

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