Smearing effect

The code reproduced shock-jump conditions well, but many details in the solution were lost because of the smearing effect of artificial viscosity. 

Fig. 3.11 Velocity distribution (cosine smearing effect) in the case of identical source and collimator radius, for different aperture a, the ratio of collimator radius to source-collimator separation (adapted from [30])...

Most modern equipment is operated with small beam cross-section in order to minimize smearing effects and the need to desmear the scattering pattern. 

Why is it possible to separate crystal size from lattice distortion — Limited crystal size broadens every reflection by the same amount20. On the other hand, the higher the order of a reflection is, the higher is the smearing effect caused by lattice distortions. 

The intramolecular distances belonging to fixed C-C-distances along the chain (1.54 A and 2.54 A) cannot be resolved due to the smearing effect of the electronic density. The peaks coming from intermolecular distance correlations can be seen clearly, the range of the appropriate short range order is about 25 A which is comparable with results from other authors [3, 7]. 

The explicit form up to second order of the oscillatory part of M B) for a parabolic band was first given by Landau [250]. Taking into account phase smearing effects due to finite temperature, electron scattering, and electron spin finally resulted in the so-called Lifshitz-Kosevich formula [251] which is given here for one extremal area of the FS ... 

These are slightly broader than 4.7fs, the FWHM of the pulse just at the output of the NOPA. This is due mainly to the smearing effect induced by the finite angle of pump and probe pulses (2.5 degrees) and the higher-order chirp caused by cell-wall glasses or the thin beam splitter that separates pump and probe beams. 

The model explains the continuing reaction as due to diffusive penetration of the surface. The simple equation used implies that the depth of penetration is small relative to the size of the particle. Remember, we are dealing with very slow processes. For any segment, the rate is proportional to the square root of time. The observed kinetics arise partly because there is a braking effect due to the change in surface potential as a result of reaction and partly because of the smearing effect of the heterogeneity. 

The discussion will be limited to the case of the focusing, pinhole SAXS-camera. The advantages of this type of camera are an optimized flux at the sample and the absence of slit smearing effects encountered in Kratky-cameras [12]. 

INSTRUMENT SMEARING EFFECTS 6.2.1 Prediction of partiality and angular reflecting range... 

Table 6.1. Instrument smearing effects Example instrument settings based on a bent triangular monochromator (section 5.2.3) focussing in the horizontal plane and a horizontal rotation axis of the crystal sample. 

Figure 5.25 Geometry to illustrate the slit smearing effect.

Experimental detection of quantized transition states has been impeded by the difficulty of carrying out experiments in which only one or a few values of the total angular momentum J contribute to the signal. Otherwise the smearing effect of many values of J will tend to hide structure due to quantized transition states. Nevertheless, in the past five years, sophisticated measurements have supplied evidence for the influence of quantized transition states on a number of reactions. 

The first factor has to do with the quality of the crystal for dynamical diffraction experiments. In the previous section we discussed the issue that most single crystals are not ideal but have defects that make them unsuitable for dynamical diffraction studies. To reduce the adverse smearing effect (angle averaging and therefore XSW phase averaging)... 

The strip of registered solid-fluid coexistence near monolayer completion narrows down as the temperature is increased and ends at a tricritical point (see Fig. 8). For temperatures higher than the tricritical one, the solid-to-fluid transition is a continuous transition, whereas it is of first order (i.e., with phase coexistence in the temperature-coverage plane) at lower temperatures [237], The phase boundaries of this strip as shown in Fig. 23 in detail could be mapped using in situ vapor pressure isotherm measurements [237] note that these solid-coexistence and coexistence-fluid transitions were (arbitrarily) defined to occur at reduced vapor pressures of 1.01 and 0.99 to account approximately for the found smearing effect of roughly 1 %. These data allowed to obtain the coverage differences An of the solid-coexistence and coexistence-fluid transitions as a function of temperature and thus allowed for a fit... 

Only some figures for the set of 100 realizations with a standard deviation of 0.6 are shown. Figure 6 shows the cumulative distributions of flow resistances obtained with the one hundred realizations, flow in the upscaled fields (darker color) travels faster than in the small-scale fields, basically due to the smearing effect of upscaling. 

Consequently, an accurate description of molecular shape should include a smearing effect resulting from nuclear motions and uncertainties. A number of solutions are proposed in the literature, including the use of nuclear wavefunctions, >2 o open sets of nuclear configurations,and a fuzzy set approach to molecular shape. We shall use the term dynamical shape for a description that takes into account nuclear flexibility. Such a characterization is performed with dynamic shape descriptors. The term static shape descriptors is reserved to those defined at a frozen nuclear geometry. 

---