Smart transducer

Recently, several things have pointed to a resolution of the NeSSI-bus issues. First, for the past few years there has been an effort under way at NIST called IEEE 1451 (http //www.motion.aptd.nist.gov/). The IEEE 1451, a family of Smart Transducer Interface Standards, describes a set of open, common, network-independent communication interfaces for connecting transducers (sensors or actuators) to microprocessors, instrumentation systems, and control/Iield... 

Mark, J. Hufnagel, P. The IEEE IfBl.f Standard for Smart Transducers (2004), available online from http //standards.ieee.org/regauth/1451/IEEE 1451d4 Standard GenLTutorial 090104.doc... 

Currently, smart transducers are used they are characterized by inclusion of microprocessors and electronics to store ranges, calibrations and diagnostics, and for other tasks of data handling from the field instruments to the control room. 

As can be seen from Eq. (32), the mass flow is proportional to the product y/P Ap. As density and flow can be subject to variations during the process, the downstream pressure will change and so will the density, and the two measured values are coupled together. Additionally, density is also a function of temperature so this must also be measured and a correction added. A smart transducer provides functions beyond those necessary for generating a correct representation of a sensed or controlled quantity. A smart transducer can be used in this situation to correct the flow for pressure and temperature. 

The presence of polymer, solvent, and ionic components in conducting polymers reminds one of the composition of the materials chosen by nature to produce muscles, neurons, and skin in living creatures. We will describe here some devices ready for commercial applications, such as artificial muscles, smart windows, or smart membranes other industrial products such as polymeric batteries or smart mirrors and processes and devices under development, such as biocompatible nervous system interfaces, smart membranes, and electron-ion transducers, all of them based on the electrochemical behavior of electrodes that are three dimensional at the molecular level. During the discussion we will emphasize the analogies between these electrochemical systems and analogous biological systems. Our aim is to introduce an electrochemistry for conducting polymers, and by extension, for any electrodic process where the structure of the electrode is taken into account. 

Other possible applications of smart elastomers are in the area of polymer engine which can produce maximum power density (4 W/g) and output both in terms of electrical and mechanical power without any noise. These features are superior compared to conventional electrical generator, fuel cell, and conventional IC engine. Many DoD applications (e.g., robotics, MAV) require both mechanical and electrical (hybrid) power, and polymer engine can eliminate entire transducer steps and can also save engine parts, weight, and is more efficient. 

Piezoelectric ceramics, which depend on lead compounds, are used to produce transducers and sensors which make possible ultrasound technologies used in wide-ranging medical and commercial applications, guidance and sensing systems used in defense and commerce, and in addition, new "smart materials" research projects. 

M. Graf, D. Barrettino, P. Kaser, J. Cerdk, A. Hierlemann, and H. Baltes, Smart single-chip CMOS microhotplate array for metal-oxide-based gas sensors Proc. IEEE Transducers 03, Boston, MA, USA (2003), 123-126. 

Duveneck G, Verpoorte E, Oroszlan P, Pawlak M, Erbacher C, Spielmann A, Neuschafer D, Ehrat M (1996) Planar waveguide sensing systems A combination of highly sensitive transducers with smart fluidic systems to a true TAS, Proc 2nd International Symposium on Miniaturized Total Analysis Systems TAS96, Basel, 19-22 November, pp 158-162... 

Foley J, Smart Force Transducer II. K-Tron America, 4/98 Diverter Valves. Brochure no. 352, Premier Pneumatic, Inc., 7/96. 

Kornbluh R, Pelrine R, Pei Q, Heydt R, Stanford S, Oh S, Eckerle J (2002) Electroelastomers applications of dielectric elastomer transducers for actuation, generation, and smart structures. Proc SPIE EAP AD 4698 254... 

Shahinpoor M, Kim KJ (2004) Ionic polymer-metal composites ID. modeling and simulation as biomimetic sensors, actuators, transducers and artificial muscles (review paper). Smart Mater Struct Int J 13(6) 1362-1388. doi 10.1088/0964-1726/13/6/009... 

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